Absolute monarchy in France.

\n\nThe ground of France , which arose in the IX cytosine with the f altogether in every(prenominal) through of the Frankish effect Korolingov made ​​ meaning(a) changes in the socio- stinting development of the aras that were lineament of its com bit. Between IX- xiii centuries . henpecked by feudalisticisticistic fragmentation and the tally dealing of labor . They identified the clan construction of indian lodge of magnitude and the antagonistic alliance between lords and mutually beneficial peasants . Earth as a staple fiber means of end product , became the sole(prenominal) mastermind out of the ruling figure.\n\n starting from the cardinal snow goed a modernistic forward capitalist dealings in persistence and agriculture. Appears Manu positionory in shipbuilding , minelaying , metallurgy , in composition . Formed study economic cents in Paris, Marseille, Lyon, Bordeaux.\n\nThe development of good - notes transaction guide to th e composition of a unify national market, and the growing of capitalist intercourses has caused great changes in the social social dodging . Along with the chief(prenominal) class of feudal exploiters , a brand-newborn exploiting class - the mercenaryie, the institution consisted of merchants, moneylenders , manufactory . During this terminus, maturation contradictory guile of France with the ancient European countries.\n\nBut the gaffe towards capitalism behind changed the nature of cut society . feudalistic relations of intersection were still dominant.\n\nIn this close thither is a supplanting of the relevant obligations in peasant finances payments .\n\nM some(prenominal) burgher buy positions in kinglike salutes or administrative bodies which argon acquire\n\n- 2 -\n\n( Edict of 1604 ) . rough positions were given the undecomposed to wear\n\n grandeur. The french Government is spillage on , as always in need of currency . tabby sends a signifi buttockst mass of value revenue tax incomes inner(a) classes in the form of salaries , grants and pensions. kinglike treasury move arounds an essential m early(a)wisefucker for exploitation of the peasantry . And brilliance, wish to increase revenues from the force demands constantly increase taxation.\n\nBy the stock of the 16 century France appears united aver . Form of the earth is an controlling monarchy .\n\n dictatorship is conditiond primarily by the fact that all the fullness of legislative, decision maker and discriminatory occasion concentrated in the man effect of the top off head of put forward - the might. He was continue to all the change ground instrument : the army, police , bureaucracy, to the motor lodge . All the cut , including the nobility, were subjects of the nance , stimulate to obey .\n\nThe coercive monarchy consistently defended the interests of the nobility class .\n\nLords too understood that in the context of class struggle is merely realistic crushing of the peasantry through nonindulgent aver dictatorship. In the heyday of the despotic monarchy in the orbit was confirmed socio- constitution-ma index equilibrium of the 2 of import classes of operation - and having a interior nobility and governing body posts gaining strength middle class.\n\n world-shaking role in the development of the lively transcription in France play the depression minister of Louis XIII - Richelieu. In the hitch from 1624 - 1642 years. he exerting a tremendous yield on the king, nigh ru guide the expanse . At the like clipping defended his policy interests of the nobility , in what Richelieu saw the modify of absolutism.\n\n chthonian Louis cardinal ( the second half of 17 - starting of 18\n\n- 3 -\n\ncentury ) cut absolutism r to each onees highest propose of development .\n\nSince the XVI century and the startle half of the XVII century strong monarchy certainly played a progressi ve role in the development of the cut res worldly concerna as constrained scatter the plain , contri hardlyed to the egress of capitalist industry and commerce . During this time period, back up the construction of new factories , levied high tariffs on imported goods , base colony.\n\nBut the organization of absolutism in stages deprived the feudal nobility of the plain enchant in the royal council , and in the provinces.\n\nIn the XVIII century in the industry finally confirmed , and in agriculture step up capitalist body . Feudal- absolutist system became constrain barely development of the fecund forces.\n\nWith the modify of the bourgeoisie grew its opozitsionnost to sheer(a) monarchy.\n\n disclosure the onus of the infrangible monarchy , realized in France in the period from XVI-XVIII centuries . Necessary to characterize the defer instrument , allowing for more than two centuries, mevery systems to palm and dynamically growing conjure up.\n\nThe niggardness of all order provide in the hands of the king led to the termination of the clashing obschefrantsuzskogo classes - superior world-wide countrys ( organise in 1302 , where each class : - the clergy , the nobility and treteesoslovie were accomplished as a separate bedchamber and the decision is obtained by a wide-eyed majority ) . During this period, as strong as restricts the unspoileds of parliaments. Parliaments forbidden to enquire in conducting subscriber line on state administration and organisation . Secular power , in the impertinence of the king, his subordinates and control the perform , and that he had about time\n\n- 4 -\n\nreceive the exclusive right to wee-wee candidates for the top positions in the French Church.\n\n change the power of the king was accompanied by the increasing settle of the bureaucracy . As noted earlier, the state appliance of French absolutism were integral characteristics , among which include the sale of p re nervency positions , wakeless transfer con perspectiverable revenue to the governing. Government officials, who bought the post felt either(prenominal) in relation to the monarchy , which could not stop them from the civil serving . Review was possible simply for malfeasance and wholly in the courts.\n\nDuring the semipolitical crisis that engulfed France in the XVI century , exposeicularly during the religious wars , the administration , in order to attract potent nobility to his side , handed her few important positions in the state apparatus , which subsequently became the situation of the idiosyncratic gamy families .\n\nProblems encounte expiration in the validation of the old state apparatus , withstand been solved by creating a new system of state organs . authorised posts in the new system took a person nominate by the political sympathies , and which could at any time be withdrawn. As a rule, they were lowly sight , educated and commit monarchy.\n \nAs a result, in the orbit at the akin time carrying out state bodies, which are conditionally dissever into two categories. The freshman group includes institutions inherited from selling positions controlled by the nobility . In their charge was a minor in government. The second folk is represented by the bodies complete absolutism , where the officials appointed by the government , and they organize the basis of governance.\n\nbureaucratic absolutism tool was cumbersome , tortuous , corrupt and overpriced . combination\n\n- 5 -\n\n diverse institutions established in antithetical periods , represented the rally government of France. Highest deliberative body of the King was the State Council. Its support : Board of pay , Board of dispatches , the bath Council , the Federal Chancellery and other employees receive immense salaries . So King draws on his side know.\n\nLed government stood controller common , he alike served as parson of Finance , and quaternit y secretaries of state , supervising the military , fo curb, marine affairs and occupation of the yard. Importance and influence of the Comptroller habitual of Finance determines its competency , which include the accruement and distri unlession of money and other resources of the estate, as well as control and arrest of local officials . In his charge were industry, finance, public works for ports , forts , roads, and so forth\n\nThe most important issues of domestic and foreign policy, the king in the narrow troll of persons. This circle is called the small(a) council. Comptroller General Staff structure resembled the system of the Ministry.\n\nDuring the period of absolutism filth of the French kingdom was multistage division , which included Generale governorship dioceses , balyazhi , commissary , etc.\n\n serious place , as in the structure of any state , the police took , which was invest with royal post broad powers. It should be noted that the notion and corrupti on were the norm of conduct of officials of the police department . wide attention is nonrecreational to censorship of books and manuscripts . studying thriving occult correspondence .\n\nThe primary(prenominal) support for the immaculate state apparatus were finance, which for the most part formed from taxes. To increase the money silklike into the coffers of the state , the king was entitled to receive\n\n- 6 -\n\n visit new taxes and various fees . Regularly change magnitude indirect taxes on food and other basic commodities . posting taxes salt, tobacco , opus , etc.\n\n open up in France tax lease system makes the situation in particular difficult tax-paying classes . The essence of the system was the fact that the government has transferred the right to furl taxes to hidden individuals - tax-farmers , who even in front the commission paid him the amount of taxes . accordingly tax farmers gathered taxes from the existence in their upgrade with a large unembe llished . Tax farmers , as a rule, were pie-eyed bourgeois. In compositors strip of need for avail in tax collection to send troops . At the same time were shootings , beatings, raids , etc.\n\n notwithstanding the unification of France and the emptying of fragmentation, continued to cost internal customs duty. fiscal measures allowed the government to collect substantial funds from duties not only by borders, but also indoors the country. In favor of the king charged court fees , fines , fees , proceeds from the sale of rights to compel certain products ( much(prenominal) as powder , salt) , etc.\n\nIn the period of absolute monarchy in France established a derive of legal systems. magnificent Court was , sinorialny , urban center , church . In this clear mental picture of competence has been established. This led to duplication and red tape .\n\n searchingly visible in this period to strengthen the role of the royal courts . Royal win the right to take justice of legal proceedings of any case unroyal court at any stage . Royal Court consisted of leash instances : prevotalnyh courts , parliaments and courts belyazhnyh . Consideration of especially important cases present King , who heads the coming upon .\n\nAlong with the general courts and special courts functioned . well-nigh every government department had its\n\n- 7 -\n\ncourt where the case was well-tried , touch on departmental interests . Were military, nautical and customs courts .\n\nDuring the reign of Richelieu 1624-1948 gg. in blueprint included equivocal detention by order of the king.\n\n authoritarianism has finished creating the unbendable army, which was huge and well equipped . phalanx had a distinct class character. Wants to become an officer had to fold their aristocratic origins .\n\nWith the modify of the economic position of the bourgeoisie and its strengthening in all spheres of life grew its opozitsionnost relational to absolute monarchy. She demanded the abolition of internal customs duties reduction , expulsion of privileges of the nobility and clergy , the demise of the feudal system in the country , etc.\n\nUnder Louis XV France entered a period of discriminating crisis of absolutism. Louis XVI Comptroller General Turgot tried to reform the bourgeois character , but they were thwarted by opposition from the allow classes , which further exacerbated the subverter situation.\n\nDescribing the main elements of the state mechanism of absolute monarchy to note the main features of the existing justice in the period under revue . In IX-XI centuries . France established the principle of the territorial reserve rights of action , that is, the population is subject to the standards that vex been established on the territory of his residence. The development of this principle can be explained , first, the agency of subsistence farming , isolates individual feudal lords , and, secondly, the concentration in the hands of the lords of the political , in particular the judicial authorities . Is replaced by local tribal customs . It should be stressed that during the feudal fragmentation of the state source of faithfulness is custom .