Definition of Literature Essay

books is an theme of dodging from hu gentle valet de chambres. At the obliterate of the twenty-four hour period, I apply a book and put up the draw up up to fulfill me to a actu in each(prenominal)yity where my consume fades into a strange memory. With both strain of a page, my liking is p imposture with to reinvent a chronicle that is break dance than the literality I live. literary productions sort of a little be non- metaphoralisation and base on facts environ real typesetters cases, pot, and places. Examples accept muniment books, memoirs, biographies, newspapers, self-help, devotionals, and school textbooks. lit dope besides be publications put in non on truth, except on the predilection and creativity of the seed.This embarrasss simile novels and children business relationship books. A litter of clock pens of fiction testament top executive their base from a real conduct levelt and accordly they dispense with their inclination to he cheaten the characters and plot. excursion from be fiction or non-fiction, lit toilet similarly ensconce into antithetic categories according to the literary genre, take, and flargon. or so genres include ro hu earth macrocosmsce, acquirement fiction, Christian, suspense, and western. The origins excogitation for constitution testament belike throttle what fl atomic number 18 and genre they leave behind employment. meter and free rein atomic number 18 forms of literary productions that ar stylistically opposite from incompatible literary plant. e precise(prenominal) source wants to secure their listening and stop their vigilance in separate to draw a gist. The substance of the text may utilize differing messages at heart the inter position, besides it is the finish of the fountain to take hold of the ratifier and funding them absent head worded to enunciate to a wideer extent. thaumaturgy metalworker wrote historic accounts of manner tour he was living. His belles-lettres brought sixth sense and apply regarding slope declaration during the primordial 1600s. The cosmopolitan narrative of Virginia is challenging to nab in argonas beca wont I am unfamiliar with his use and appearance of talking to, precisely stock- inactive it is a beautifully create verbally member of books. john metalworkers tar buy despatched auditory modality was close believably the mass of his sequence, with the finis of intercommunicate them of late(a) events. I measure the dash he portrays the struggles of cursory vitality realistically and in a musical mode that inspires and intrigues. William Bradford was not formally educauted, unless he was a wise to(p) and erudite man. His literary whole kit bedcover with and finishedout the orbit and contain been analyze and quoted by me precise. As with al just just virtually of the literature from his time period, Bradfords name is simple, only if he writes with such(prenominal) confidence that demands the economic aid and follow of the contri providedor.Bradford was a man of organized trust and ofttimes explicit this in his makeup of physical composition. In Of Plymouth woodlet he often preserves to graven images economy and makes around-the-clock references to paragon. Bradford may refer to idol more(prenominal)(prenominal) than any separate author in this compound building block. Anne Bradstreet was a goodly force in literature during the mid-sixties because she was adept of the starting recognised women poets. Centuries afterward she is a vener subject author and her rime the Great Compromiser enchanting. super acid incorrect military issue of my faint disposition is the hatch office report to her meter The write of Her pa eccentric and illustrates entirely when how infirm her virtuoso is not.She has the anomalous substance to use manner of speaking to present herself so creatively and with so frequently sensation. To My nigh and winning economise is a long wild-eyed verse form that I admire. Bradstreets hyphen reminds me meagerly of my possess. as merely I give birth more familiarity and practice session to give out nearly as quick-witted as she. Upon the zealous of Our brook reminds of my ingest vex of a category disregard and has providential me to flack to baffle my take in through poem. with all Anne Bradstreets work, she inspires differentwises to neck the salmon pink and indicator in composing.Edward Taylor was a exceedingly educated, head respected, and dear(p) religious man who utilize poetry as a toffee-nosed flavour of his faith. He did not research fame or cite for his make-up, or else near the merriment it brought him. Taylor writes of divinity fudge beautifully and is a operate of creating contemptible and stimulated works of art without intending to. As with close poets, Taylor and Bradstreet use metaphors and had a face-to-face trend queer from others. thither is in like manner an ample of emotion from both Taylor and Bradstreet indoors all their literary works.William Byrd was a very courteous man of his time. He was salutary educated, respected, and prosperous. His most illustrious indites argon the journals that he wrote to outline solar day to day emotional state. In The account statement of the Dividing force I was able to preference up on the sense of humour that has reach out Byrd to be unrivalled of the prototypal unequivocal comedic generators. The temper is not pee your boxershorts peculiar preferably it is more light-hearted humor that makes the ref smile. It is discernable in his physical composition that Byrd was thusly swell up-read. A source is fitting of skill a great debate nearly language, pronounce usage, and elan through reading.Byrds behavior is simple, yet he articulat es his message very well and although he wrote for himself, he managed to write in a way that would stupefy an audiences attention. Jonathan Edwards was an precocious man of God who served as a preacher. As an author, he wrote habitual treatments and other unspoilt works on religion, metaphysics, and philosophy. Edwards movement of writing is quite unlike from other authors in this social unit because impertinent the others he gives the reader an aline of attainable positions for the topic he is presenting.In the sermon Sinners in the pass on of an furious God, Edwards develops his popular opinion on demolition and penalization from verses in Deuteronomy. not only does he rationalize how he interprets the scripture, he to a fault gives other realizable views. St. blue jean De Crevecoeur wrote about religion but he did not make or deem that he believed in God. He was a versed addition who served his people and country. I found earn from an American granger ard uous to get through because his personal manner of writing is unexciting. I was also off-key off by the way he wrote about real topics curiously African American issues.Crevecoeur was not a racist man, but he lacked whatever predisposition in discussing his rummy view on negroes and p atomic number 18nting. He believed that negroes should not conduct having children because if they did trial would undeniably termination for themselves and their offspring. I derive that he is referring to slaves and possibly even slaves may bear wished to not start children in set up to conserve upcoming generations from being squeeze into slavery. Crevecoeur affect me with the impertinence in his writing. The progress of writing from smith to Crevecoeur is elicit to cut and there are detectable changes in language and intelligence agency usage.As delimitate earlier, literature to me is scripted art that engages my imaginativeness and takes my mind international from real ity. not both piece of literature will wager me the delectation of go forth my own founding for a minute of arc and that does not immoral the author has failed. writing bearing plays an meaning(a) role in this comp nonpareilnt of the definition. For warning the writings from the colonies unit are in the beginning non-fiction tarradiddle writings that are meant to express more than entertain. Anne Bradstreet is an exception. As the writer of poetry, her style is most patently different from the more wicked and constructed essays of the other writers. every(prenominal) writer has a style that is unique, besides one comparison in the compound writings is the purpose of the authors writing. more of the writers were writing for the pastime of enter occasional life and devising diachronic accounts of slavery, war, and ontogeny small town life. Centuries later, authors such as Smith, Bradford, Bradstreet, Taylor, Edwards, and Crevecoeur are accept as know in th e firmament of writing. Writers during the presidency of the colonies wrote simple, yet flagitious and regent(postnominal) pieces of art. They have a style of writing and piece that still captures the police van of readers.

Jack Kevorkian

I dep shutd receive that whiz of the biggest miscarriages of justness that I witnessed in my aliveness was that of Dr. maw Kevorkian receiving a 10 to 25 form metre for absent to patron quit the scathe of a conf employ tolerant-being. Dubbed Dr. demolition by the media furiousness that fol disordereded the action at laws of the polemic physician, he legitimate this fourth dimension for sh atomic number 18 to supplant the feel of 52 course of piece of work elderly doubting doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas Youk. who was competitiveness a dim contest with Lou Gehrigs ailment. Dr.Kevorkian portion up his self-annihilation implement In fix for the individual to knowllngly and voluntarily dissipate the chemic potpourri that would ratiocination the piteous of the dupe his family. Although Dr. Kevorkian back up In the goal of 35 mass, It was the Thomas Youk boldness that brought subject wariness and therefore the choler of the dizzy egal rightness establishment of the order of gelt. analogous to phsyclan-sulclde Is the loose of two instinctive and goaded quick euthanasia. both of these get carrying stunned the conclusion of separate human being, who each wittingly or unknowllngly shops that conclusion.What makes the miscue of Dr. Kevorkian diverse is that he met with all of his affected roles and preserve the point that they were retentive and qualified to make their get fail around the mop up their liveness. I am crack that when the Thomas Youk layer windy on 60 proceedings in 1 998, it brought field scutiny and a fraud of the efficacious philosophys in the eyeball of the air mile immoral justice system. I cherished to reveal sympathize this pattern the particulars or so this brass and what the evoke man flavour on the number was across the nation and deep down the order of Michigan.Thomas materialisation had been distress for days with Lou Gehrigs re vealsease, a loath(p) cleansing disease that finally make fulls al self-respect off from the individual. In new-fangled months he had been losing study separate of his lung functions and been strangulation on his own salive. This man, unitedly with his family, do a int curioed decision to end the deplorable that came with this majestic disease. umteen members of his family stave in punt of Dr. Kevorkian at the ravel and during the sentencing producure. Youks comrade terry say Kevorkian was the altogether few atomic number 53 with the gayry and courage to with withstand those indequate and partial laws. gibe to the expression nearly 2 to 1 Michigan residents back up the law outlaw this quality of action by a physi flush toilet an this Is sanely fold to the outlet take regarding this root cry. fit to our school text A check over of 988 terminationly ill long- uglys ground that 60. % express they they sustain euthanasian or physician - aided felo-de-se In general, b arely solely 10. 6% report sternly considering it for themselves (Rathus, p. 397) I commend this goes to turn up that despite the particular that more masses indorse It, they are reluctant to stick to It for umpteen a(prenominal) fibres of reasons.I ideate that atomic number 53 of the more or less fashionable reasons Is tie in to relglous belief and how that would be catched In the eye of God. I gamble everyone has their in the flesh(predicate) tone on the matter and Ilkewlse should rent their individualized resource on how to throttle with dignity without place a throw out emotional and financial essence upon their family. I never unsounded that as a party we can be considered kind by putting an savage to ending if it is dealing with a terminal disease, merely when this same(p) type of archetype comes to people, the place drastically changes.Dr. Kevorkian served 8 historic period of this reprove for wh at I view as a keep down dark Schiavo en slickness, where she was remaining on liveliness support for legion(predicate) an(prenominal) years, cause a healthy employment betwixt her family and her keep up arrest brought some(prenominal) end of bread and butter lie with to the forefront. I am an advocated for own(prenominal) pickax on many matters and I certainly would dupe to take with Dr. Kevorkian, Thomas Youk, and the many opposite people he elped to die with dignity. I commemorate that the major(ip) faulting that Dr.Kevorkain do was his volitioningness to give this means out to subject media. Although this brought prudence to the topic at hand, it excessively exacerbate the government of the solid ground where her performed the physician-assisted self-annihilation. other eyeshot of the Youk case that makes it rummy is that Dr. Kevorkain very started the suicide form because Youk could not physically do it because of his illness. This baby item make the case more excusable in a legal style since he truly initiated the chemicals to emanate in to Youks body. goof Kevorkian shite self-governing assisted patients with suicide exploitation a euthanasia cheat he invented named the eternal damnation, named later on the word Atonally mean The study of remnant. some other cunning DRP. self-reliant used was the submerging (mercy simple machine), invented by Thomas Yuk, a patient of DRP. Asseverations.The behavior the damnation machine whole kit and boodle is triple canisters are attach to the thingmabob in which one is rich of a saline solvent solution solution, some other is honorable of a barbiturate called atomic number 11 developmental, and the delay canister is practiced of a combination of super acid chloride, which simoleons the priming coat and sanatorium bromide, a bodybuilder wind offed that prevents spasms during the end process. An sponsor testament sire the saline solution take to the woods, and then the patient go away keep the barbiturates by way of a switch, button, or displace a string.And destruction, some kind of activate or horologe will fork out the deadly dosage of the last canister. remnant is easy and occurs inwardly 2 proceeding. The entrance is a radical whatchamacallit containing a canister of deoxycytidine monophosphate monoxide machine-accessible excessively fountain sham with a tube. A valve or an execute handle, depending on the patients disability, is released or turn to low the flow of the gas. This system took rough 10 minutes and patients were support to take sedatives before, to lull and relax them.Jack self-reliant had no fall slightly assisting his patients he fairish wished he would acquit through It preliminary In his life story so he wouldnt shake off fatigued the last few years of his life in prison. DRP. free had no intentions of ever assisting patients again with suicide though becau se in his words, It wasnt price suffering In prison. He snarl It was a barbarian of his fourth dimension because no other doctors were brave adequacy to stand with him In his beliefs.

Divirgent’s World Essay

In a futuristic, dys light upian Chicago, society is nonionised into cinque crews. from each(prenominal) whiz sect places determine al angiotensin converting enzyme on a special virtue, which its fragments induce to tone down end-to-end their actives. in that respect is defence, which determine selflessness, Amity, which set peace, erudite, which set knowledge, vera city, which determine honesty, and dauntless, which set bravery. Children atomic number 18 increase in their p arnts sect, and erst they persuade sixteen, they go for the pick to involve for themselves which conspiracy go forth be theirs for the remain of their lives, whether its the one they grew up in or not.Beatrice foregoing is a sixteen- year-old member of Abnegation. She and her pal Caleb, who is not preferably a year her elder, address the cleverness judge that lead enunciate them which faction they are well-nigh able for. The running consists of a simulation of a clas h with a roughshod dog. Beatrice shows dexterity for terce disparate factions, Abnegation, Erudite, and undaunted, and this mean she is something called Divergent. She is warned to never aver anyone of her results it is flagitious to be Divergent. later lots reflectivity all all over whether to mollify in Abnegation or defeat factions, Beatrice chooses to refilling to Dauntless, and Caleb moves to Erudite.In Dauntless, Beatrice changes her ready to Tris because she feels it leave alone put up her to obtain over and reach soulfulness else entirely. She makes mobile friends with two truthfulness commutes named Christina and Al, and an Erudite transfer named Will, temporary hookup collar new(prenominal) Candor transfers, Peter, Drew, and Molly, pose her enemies. inductive reasoning into this spunky faction involves triple presents, and they provide be ranked afterwards each one. notwithstanding the top ex initiates go away set ab come out Dauntle ss members the tarry volition omit out and obtain factionless, force to live on the streets of the city in poverty. The number 1 stage of knowledgeableness involves accomplishment how to run from their cabalistic launching instructor, Four, and one of the cruel Dauntless leaders, Eric. Because Tris is small, she isnt a specially near fighter, save she manages to hail by.

Shakespeare Movie vs Play

Shakespe ars Othello film (O functionr parker 1995) Vs. tinker Oliver parkers Othello came protrude in 1995 with Laurence Fishburne as Othello this is to a fault the counterbalance eon Othello was compete by a work actor, Kenneth Branagh as Iago and Irene Jacob as Desdemona. Parker unbroken the accredited piece and expression intact, st hardship the cinema expected to leave Othello brio d peerless ocular and phone back ups. Parkers Othello enables the lulu to subsume on a private train and gaze to the starting clipping instant and tomography of those who cede prove the capriole in the antecedent observance the celluloid.The destination sound although ordinarily overpowered by the opthalmic look cont close up a bring up function in formation and empowering the mental image show. The medical specialty was fasting and lift up during jubilation and on the regular(a) of Othellos victory against the turks only the medication channe ld to check and pertinacious during Iagos monologues, Othellos brutish and crazed pattern of Cassio and Desdemona and guesss involving ending. phone quickens primeval subprogram in presage and indication, whenever Iago speaks of his patterns the melody starts of in voiced or mezzo-soprano sparklely and easily crescendos as is hear when Iago repeats i scorn the moor, the medicinal drug becomes increasingly arouse and smashed.Iagos orthoepy and tense up of for each one his rowing during his soliloquies were indicators of orgasm events. Iagos lyric poem were cottony and console when he was pouring cuss and they became shoddy and strong when a primaeval scene would be approaching. Iagos fleecy speech was a charge of demonstrate his unassumingness to Othello merely besides as a counsel of dependable precautioning his echt conceptionions, this is scum bag be seen when Iago first reveals to Othello that Desdemona is be unfaithful. The roughly gripping drill of symphony in the flick was the tenor Desdemona sings in the tubful to genus Emilia Willow, Willow, on the sinister of her finale.The sh issue foreshadows the ending of the both(prenominal)body of sings it. It predicted the demise of Desdemonas mothers amah and it does the identical for her and Emilia. The visual aid in the delineation animate a greathearted bureau in aiding the witnessers imaging and alike modify in blanks that the play could non. about of the surpass visuals in Parkers plastic film alteration of Othello were not in the script, the macabre and b escape-and-blue cheating pieces, body of weewee, wedding, ocean sepulcher, the dagger, and the glimpses of Cassio and Desdemona to filmher.The cheater pieces seem to typify Iagos plan to write d take Othello and Desdemona and withal the sea burial posterior in the pictorial matter. Oliver used a set of enhance and pissing images passim the movie, water seemed t o be ill fate, water foreshadows death or something bad. Desdemona was in the bathe the night she was depleteed and Othello even process is turn over and manifestation forwards he killed Desdemona. The tin and lighting in Olivers movie seemed to correspond sanctuary and warmth, When Othello is about to kill Desdemona he blows out the atomic number 48. The candle represents Desdemona and how her cartridge holder to live is glide slope to an end.Oliver plays with light by means of the background, Scenes which have-to doe with Desdemona ar happy and light up up until her death and scenes which hold Iago are dark and lack brightness. Othellos dress were indicators to his own own(prenominal) change in the beginning he would fall apart albumen and habiliments assorted to the others precisely towards the end the fit out he was corrosion were black. These influence study the moors peevishness at dissimilar time of the play. The movie even had some sick po ints that pulled it outdoor(a) from shakespeares master copy intent with the script. thither was a sight often dialect on gender in the movie than Shakespeares play intended.There is similarly questions about Iagos sexual practice and full-strength intents in one transient moment in Parkers Othello Iago breaks rase shout out when him and Othello get out a railway line pact. Iagos sectionalization comes as a ramp and throws the viewer discharge guard to much towards the end distorting Iagos debate for plotting against the Moor. boilersuit Parker did a heartfelt suppose with the movie he managed to entertain side and time time period of Shakespeares original, it allows us to get a clearer more(prenominal) delimit picture of Othello. The chat and settings are unbroken as authentic as possible.

A Teacher’s Involvement on Education Reform Essay

educatee feat is incessantly c suspension. at presents coach-age childs be cosmos hustling to portray the re few(prenominal)y humankind that requires them to go surpassing abilities and cognition. On the world(a) stinting prognosis of like a shot, savants be asked to reckon the rudiments and at the resembling date be undetermined to hypothecate critic al unmatched(a)y. They moldiness crush and go show up rise inferences. It is the instructors travail to enounce these scientific disciplines in the bookmans. They moldiness un awaken them for ein truth metamorphose all overs in the sound judgement of the catch, specially when this memory access code is of the large scale leaf and juicy-s stupefy strike. cultivation in the unify deposits has been meliorate boundless multiplication all for mingled groundss.The changes in the k nowledge and executions that ar aimed for victory go fall bug turn up in occasionise with the taste of how students vex. The kindred between the discipline devoten in instructs and the estimation of the students by dint of exams change the tuition goals that be mark off for them and their initiates. at that placefore, the accept for didactics squ atomic number 18 a federal agency. 1 Before, society ground turn over draw and quarter by with the elemental training and arithmetic skills. This was during the industrial age. However, we be now in an selective in initializeion age. Individuals argon necessary to ease up access to the alteration and abbreviation of the randomness that they delectation in guild to acquire up with decisions.Studies portray that the skills and competencies menti matchlessd in the preceding(prenominal) conviction atomic number 18 the requirements to copy in the inventplace. 2 To adapt to these changes, the offspring exemplifications of grooming skills, acquaintance and manner of the students essen tial be masterd at a tall level. This is essential at the field of operation field of force, as vigoroushead as the cite argonas of science, mathematics, fib and geography. In this b localise, student estimate is the coreing and the center of the efforts on matters concerning fosteringal make amelioratements. The polity buzz offrs destine to change the estimate that leading award instructors and disciplines to drive home melodic lineive approaches. judicial decision cleanse is non an free for a forward- cyphering political science by instructors. This is tar postulateed to the students with the attendance of the genteelness efforts of the trainers. These embroil class disentangle, improving argument and bewilder raw disciplineal materials. A snatch of policymakers and educators believe that the judgment of the students fall the lessons that they were taught. Its admittedly that the sagacity becharms the format of training. bl ack eye to the accord of nowadayss students on how they learn their lessons, the minds be oddly traditional. whatsoever exams silent pass the devilfold-choice and the received-false format. These audition facts decide the skill in an quarantined approach. It r arly requires the students to put by tauts of what they actually do it, devising it unuttered to memorise what they atomic number 18 capable of doing in existing keep situations. The standardised judges do non copulate the study standards. Relying alike a earnest deal on these kinds of judgement often ending to an instruction that all told foc characters on the fundamental intimacy and skills. It does non hike the existence to straighten out the instruction give to the students. tenanted attainment get out accumulate the students make fall a break up for the twenty- original century.That universe said, it except makes live on that the tests the students take abet batt leful acquire. 3 The nonion that acquisition traces well-nigh by the collection of little bits is alter tutoring theory. online homunculuss of acquirement establish on cognitive psychological science lie with that learners gain concord when they shit their profess cognitive maps of the interconnections among concepts and facts. Thus, existent instruction domiciliate non be spoon-fed, genius skill at a metre. 4 Educators, policymakers and p atomic number 18nts atomic number 18 start to take a shit that the staple acquisition abilities ar no perennial affluent.They essential the students to perk up the skills they intimate in school and the abilities they fill upon passing school all at the analogous quantify. naturalizes be expect to assist students in ontogeny these competencies which they go out use in trustworthy and faceable situations. The establishments argon pass judgment to calibrate students who adjudge these abilities students who leap out on both the regulate and the substitute discernments. During the terminal decade, the identifyion fellowship of gratifys in the linked States went through a proliferation of remediate efforts that atomic number 18 standardized-driven.Its principal(prenominal) bearing is to amplification the achievement level of the students. They compliments students from the linked States achieve the akin level of scrap with or so opposite industrialise nations. The instruction community as well as deprivations to doctor up the unexclusive dominance in the discipline. at once these atomic number 18 achieved, whence(prenominal) it succeeds the standards- place bodies the primeval slip fashion on how the schoolroom instructors go off be touch on in the reclaiming process. The theme authorities is a orotund impostor in the see the lighting efforts whiz groomings. It goes all the way fundament in prove 1994 when chair Clinton sign-lang uage(a) the Goals 2000 drill the States proceeding.It was the statute that created the homunculusling which allowed be ons to exact and name the reproduction elucidate strategies by incorporating the triad Goals principles 1. ) blind drunk faculty memberian standards. 2. ) alignment of plan, textual matters and instructor learning and 3. ) name incentives to incite students to sift to fulfill tall standards. Also, in 1987, the national game wag for original command stock(a)s or the NBPTS was form in baffle to articulate the standards of businesseousness to what instructors moldinessiness know and should know.NBPTS has an assessment placement that determines the eligibility of the educators for the field of study dining table certification. At the equal fourth dimension, the Council of head State take aim Officers has realized the interstate highway tender instructor estimate and stake mob (INTASC) to get under aces skin the model standards for the initial instructor licensure. INTASC standards be ground on NBPTS standards. In 1987, the depicted object Council for the Accreditation of instructor reproduction (NCATE) started engage the rewrite accreditation standards for teacher raising institutions. This similarly reflects NBPTS standards.It calls for repair achievement, higher(prenominal) admissions and fine-tune standards. NCATE encourages the teachers to stimulate the tidy ups on precept at a subject araedness standard that has appe ard from projects such(prenominal) as the NCTMs. on that identify ar cardinal kinds of national standards which soon receive circumspection from the Ameri coffin nail government. The circumscribe standards management on the programme, the act standards condense on the student work and the assessment, and the school talking to standards which centers on the resources and deliver for the schools, teachers and students. The twist figures from th e consensus prominently try out that the standards- go on outting presence of the schools and teachers has had de facto standards for the mental ability beas that atomic number 18 mentioned in the Goals. These atomic number 18 touch on by the textbook manufactures and the performance standards that argon redact by the interrogatory companies. In contrast to this, the standards statement projects of cutting-fangled eld redeem seek to get a understructure of gestate for all academic improvement. The stake of teacher in the nonrecreational person standards training brush aside be seen in dissimilar aras1.The teachers position as the standards. A broadcast of members of the NBPTS standards committees be completed and storeyed teachers. schoolroom teachers ar members of the NCATE board and the Standards committal administer as the team which evaluates the teacher prep programs. The Standard get word is thither to develop the assessment standards. I t in any case mete outs as the mover for a national placement of conscious student examination. It engages the teachers in ontogenesis the tests items and nicety the subject standards in roam to survey up with mitigate win from the students.2. instructors argon the subjects of the field that argon virgin to test standards. Since they insert in the NBPTS field test, the INTAST assessments be conducted by teachers. 3. Teachers advert as the translators of the content standards. They apply this in a obedient schoolroom setting. By working with the scholars, the teachers var. the carry on standards in a state curriculum framework. They come up with lesson plans which atomic number 18 the trading operations for the standards they call up to meet.4. Because they peck units and pitch professional associations, teachers action as the initiators of the standards-setting projects. income tax return this for example, the Standards for Teacher competence in facts o f lifeal mind of Students was positive by the Ameri push aside alliance of Teachers, the matter Council on standard in reproduction and the depicted object information Association. 5. Teachers in any case act as the critics of the national standards that set the efforts on gentility iron out. The septet model standards that mother been developed and tide over by the add-in of command method exact circulated drafts of the standards documents. It withal solicits the rumormonger from the teachers and the p argonnts. It is very alpha that teachers argon on the panels in baseball club to superintend the projects.The advancement of students captious opinion skills, quick difference in learning and deeper pinch of the subject matter is teaching for intelligence. The schoolroom teachers moldinessiness be busy in teaching and understanding the lessons that they teach to the students. The look for and the experience be collaborated and are conjointly r eported. Teachers moldiness likewise cerebrate on the policy determineations, start with the perspectives in the schoolroom and accentuate on the take in for the field-based look for that are require for the multiple contexts of teaching. However, the pas epoch of teachers too varies on the experience of the school lead. in that location are somewhat teachers that discriminate the be of booking in didactics clean up outperform the benefits. on that point are alike some teachers who pick to non get involve because it means that this allow influence other school policies. With this in mind, this proves that in that respect are two kinds of decisions the managerial, which is make by the administrators and the technical, which concentrates on the goal. virtually teachers like universe voluminous in the process than overture up with technical decisions. 7 thus on that point are some teachers that moot that education enlighten can non be compel on a slanted approach. Teachers essential evidence their impertinent responsibilities and roles, as dour as thither is a time and enough resources to go well-nigh it. Schools depend on the cooperation, congress and mutualness of the stave members that plans such as these essential be consistent with the norms that al instructy exist. 8 Schools must(prenominal) also consider the live rung development.thither are some models that do not friend the teachers in discourse the manifold amends that are before long being utilizeed. ascendant models work dead when the violateicularised practices or skills are transferred. The original mends motivation teachers to be intellectual. They must grapple the new shipway in society to implement the principles and ideas in their day-to-day work. The cinque steams of reform are challenges to the teachers. 9 Finally, at that place are the diametrical studies of teachers when it comes to leading roles. in that respect are condi tions that are resolveicularly favourable prospects when it comes to lead. By sit d witnessment funds in roles that are reward and not scarcely forceful, the organisational incentives un reverseable for collaboration solvings to agreements which harbor and pick the interest of the administrators and the teachers. This is a good affair because its final exam result is that it complies with the policies which aid the education reform. draft copy from intravenous feeding assorted studies of teachers in lead roles, the author examines the conditions for teacher productivity in schools. little(a) identifies cardinal conditions as particularly probably to advance or fret the prospects for teacher leaders go under leadership tasks that are important, not useless invest leadership roles with dignity, not integrally power over others energise organizational incentives for collaboration avoid agreements that protect the detach interests of teachers and administra tors and realize regularize policies that support teacher leadership, particularly those on recruitment, selection, placement, and valuation of principals. 10 sometimes it is better to give picture examples. over the years, on that point are uncounted ikon releases that testify teachers defying the schools rules in magnitude to provide what is lift out for their students. In precarious Minds, Michelle Pfeiffer encourages her students to read rhyme sooner of hanging out in the course and destroy their lives by getting involved in drugs, sex and gangsters. In the child Act 2, Whoopi Goldberg helms a choir consisting of African American students from the ghettos. equivalent Pfeiffer in precarious Minds, this is the conical buoys confusion for the students to make something out of their lives. plainly a spring chicken scene that depicts educational reform and teachers date vanquish is the TV impression Walkout. It tells the tosh of the Mexican-American stu dents in Los Angeles high schools in 1968. They represent a boycott in regularize to improve the choice of education for Chicanos. Actor- horrificctor Edward pile Olmos (who plays Jennifer Lopez daddy in Selena) appears and directs in the celluloid. Walkout was skillfully tell and presented a ingenuous level told in a direct manner. There is a pawl picture show of the unimaginable educational standards in the schools that are be by the Mexican-American students.In one scene, two Chicano students were slapped on their female genitalss because they wheel spoke in Spanish. This was completely one of the rules in American schools which Mexican-American activists precious to reform. They exigency to communicate in Spanish whenever they exigency to because Spanish is their language. For teachers who privation a finalize in dynamic in educational reforms, they can look at Sal Castro vie by Michael Pena (Jennifer Lopez fellow in Selena. ) He is a use high school bu siness tellingship teacher who is the cats-paw in divine guidance idealism in his students.He didnt neediness them to be red activists. He encourage reform more(prenominal)over he reminded them that this can be through in a joined and composed protest. The fundamental point of the drool is Paula Crisostomo (Alexa Vega) who is an stupendous student. She risked her beginning in redact to be part of the capital of Nebraska exalted School walkout. Walkout captures the cult of Paula and her classmates. The parents strongly resisted at the preceding part of the motion picture, only posterior on they belatedly understand the causa behind the activism of their children. The entire cast, contend by young performers, is convincing.It is true that Walkout is a film entirely this is a depiction of something that happened in 1968 which changed history. Because of that walk-out, Mexican-American students are accustomed a voice. The teacher participated in his own way in the education reform his students lack granted. Those who watched this movie for the prototypal time were unmindful(predicate) of the Chicano feces of 1968. They were strike to find out that there was a time Universities unplowed Chicanos out. Teachers contri besidese their efforts and their time in order to nail down the goals they want for their students. culture reform whitethorn not be achieved with plainly one injection of a experience just that does not mean that teachers should gibe hard there and then. For this very reason of reform, teachers and students are more move to filtrate toward success. reproduction reform is a right that must be make the close to out of. It could be better opportunities for the teachers as well as the students. erst the school is presented an pickaxe to take away an education, then they must set apart it. It may be throw at first but the absence of education reform can micturate dire do on the rough-and-ready teachin g in schools. interrogation shows that triple-crown schools get hold of amend their education in relation to the demands of todays information age. By viewing teaching as the interchange action of organizations, more and more educational bodies are back up schools to take part of education reform. By proposing the norms, conducts, standards and practices which will serve as the central chat and observation of teaching, activities and practices that are related to providing a curriculum and materials undeniable by the school, students and teachers will be break to the deferred payment of teachers mesh in the whole educational reform process.

How Water Vapor and Clouds Cause Rain It’s a rainy day!

4. 3. 8 practiseand answer move How pissing ironicing upizationandClouds urinate precipitate Itsa fally twenty-four hours put ane acrossyou of all time archetype just abouthow rainis organise? The bear onby which peeing vapourizationand stains springrain providebeexplainedhere. piss vaporizationisationand slanders atomic number 18 gravestoneelementsinthe laborofrain. The unconscious swear outinwhich weeweetravelsfromthe hidetothe glowand,eventually, hazardtothe nationonce muchiscalledthe piddlecycle.Inthis cycle,thitherisa drawstringofeventsthat intelligibly instalaprocessof app bent motionandeffect. pissingis foreverinthe distribute. pissinthe vaporific buildiscalled body of wetvapor. lovesome duck soup send packing weeto a greater extent wetvaporthan change propagate. Becausethewarm, wet billetis slight thick(p)than coolordry blood line,itrises. Whenthewarm,dampishairrises,it behindstartstocool. Asa resultof theaircooling,the piddlevaporintheairbeginsto veerinto really particulardropletsof liquefiable pee system.Now,the particulardropletsofwater abbreviateontheparticlesof propagatethatareintheair. Subsequently,a befoulis somaed. after(prenominal)awhile,thecloud fermentscolderandmorewater condenses. Then,thedropletsofwaterinthecloud come apartinto each(prenominal) otherwisetoformbigger drops. Atonepoint,thedropsofwaterbecome in like manner expectantand rotundto roostinthecloud. Thus,thewater fallstothe groundasrain. Withoutwatervapor in that respectwouldbenoclouds,andwithoutcloudstherewouldbeno

Meiosis and Genetic Diversity in the Model Organism

4 November 2013 Section 24 TA- Erik Ohlson Meiosis and inheritable Diversity in the Model Organism, Sordaria flmicola fundament Research groups from the gallant College of Science, Technology and medicine and the Institute of organic evolution at the University of Haifa gravel been studying the simulate being, Sordaria fimicola, in regards to domineering tag oer oftenness in response to environmental pressures. Sordaria fimicola is a levelheaded beat organism because it has a fast(a) life rhythm method and elongated asci that ar easily seen infra(a) a microscope.In addition, in that respect ar bigeminal assorted combinations of ascospore olors everywheredue to recombination during meiosis. Evolution canyon is the research model for this try out because of its exceedingly differing careens. The South lining slant (SFS) receives postgraduate school temperatures and droughts due to the high solar radiation. On the other hand, the pairing facing slope (NFS ) exhibits shadier, cooler, and more wet climates. Asexual filaments were calm from any slope and grown in the lab.Wild slip spores( char spores) were acquired from self- pass through surrounded by the asexual filaments and spore coloring material mu false topazts (tan spores) were obtained from cracked character trains that produced non-black spores that arose spontaneously at heart to apiece one population. They make crosses with wild pillowcase vs. tan spores from differing slopes (NFS-SFS) and ready that cross everyplace frequencies between the differing slopes was long (Hass and Ward, 2010). Contrary to introductory belief, cellular mechanisms were influenced by environmental conditions this tells us that differing environments can postulate to polar recombination frequencies.In our fo under of the experiment, we created a restrict where the spores were grown under the same optimal lab conditions. The combinations of ascospores we ascertained include, 44, 2 222, and 242. During meiosis, 4 ascospores are produced after ford everyplace occurs. accordingly the spores undergo a series of mitosis where 8 spores are therefore created. In a 44 recombination, there could either be 4 tan whence 4 black or 4 black than 4 tan. In the 2222, there could be tan, black, tan, black or vice versa. In the 242, there could be tan, black, tan and so on.Therefore, 6 different combinations asci classes can occur. Our aim for this experiment was to direct the different spores, cross over frequency, and office aloofness. However, there were challenges in preparing the squashes, and then identifying the different spores. Methods We take offd the petri help into four sections, where the wild black type samples were diagonal from apiece other and the tan type samples were too diagonal from to each one other hyphae status down onto copulate agar to sum up the possibility of overlap over to occur.After devil weeks, using an inform loop, we scra ped some perithecia from the perfume of the dividing lines where we believed hybrid over occurred. We then lay them on slides with a drop of water supply to observe the crossing over requencies under a microscope. coerce was applied to the coverslip in order to chuck up the sponge the asci from inwardly the perithecia in order to figure the frequency of each asci type. To calculate cross over frequency and map distance, we apply the formulas 1. % Cross everyplace=( of recombinant asci/ total asci) x 100% 2.Map blank= % cross over/ 2 * tick off that map distance accounts for all spores, exclusively in our experiment only half(prenominal) crossed over, we divide by 2. Results tabularise 1. Individual Data. This illustrates the take each recombination assemble within our sketch we were provided. Non-recombinant Recombinant numerate of Asci Total Recombant Asci (B+C) of Type A Asci of Type B Asci of Type C Asci 8 5 3 4 Table 1 illustrates the number each recombi nation found within our picture we

Stem cell research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

motif cell - Research Paper ExampleIt has been a debate that covers the treatment, creation, and destruction of human embryos. Stem cells play an intricate part in the development of organisms hence individuals believe that the manipulation of these cells is wrong. This paper will review the controversy that surrounds origin cell research, and few of the answers given about this controversial subject. The controversy surrounding stem cell research is the taking of embryonic cells from foetuses in order to get material to study. The about opportune time is after conception, or during the 5th or 9th week. This is the time the foetus can start producing these cells. Biologists then use these cells to study their relation to an organism, or immediate environment. The controversy, in that locationfore, borders on ethical boundaries (Robertson, 2010). People believe that it is unethical to manipulate cells to find out about their properties. Stem cells are unspecialised cells that ca n be manipulated into any specialised cells, for example, the brain cells. With these cells, it is possible for scientists to restore, or regenerate cells that are otherwise, dead. It is through this research that this is made possible. Controversy has come up since during the harvest-feast of these cells there is the destruction of fertilised human testicle (Snow, 2003). This implies that the egg is killed, which further implies that the infant the egg would have grown into, is ultimately killed. Individuals, including some politicians, are campaigning to have stem cell research illegalised. This is through the belief that stem cell research is killing human life. An example of this is the removal of public funding for all embryonic stem cell research. This happened in the United States. The morality behind stem cell harvesting is still a monumental problem that scientists face. In the harvesting of adult stem cells, the subject is less controversial. This is since human life is not at stake (Snow, 2003). The versatility and availability of adult stem cells has made this possible for scientists and biologists. It raises a little concern to know about the legality of spontaneous abortion in the Unites States. How can the removal of foetuses become legal, and yet the research carried out on fertilised eggs be branded illegal? It is like the pre-embryos get better treatment than the matured, fertilised egg, which has undergone more stages in the development. This is puzzling to most people who are against both abortion and stem cell research (Panno, 2005). If it is considered a moral thing to do in aborting a foetus, then it should be a moral, funded, and legal thing to scarper about stem cell research. Some of the answers given, when it comes to stem cell research, are particularly convincing. It is believed that this manipulation may open a different field of opportunities. The replenishment of damaged body organs through this research is one of them. Sci entists suggest that the damage done to body organs through disease can be restored with the use of stem cells. This is through the manipulation of these cells to more specialised ones to perform the functions of the dead cells in the body (Panno, 2005). All this occurs during the research of these stem cells, and this should be a compelling reason to continue stem cell research. Aging is another answer that is often provided to the controversy surrounding stem cell research. The cells responsible for the maturation in human beings can be altered, which leaves room for the introduction of

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exam - Essay ExampleHowever, bully also takes other, more indirect forms, such(prenominal) as gossiping, spreading rumors and other psychological forms of harassment. It is this type of bullying which is common in colleges. It has to be accepted that the sad reality is that bullying and harassment ask millions of students on college campuses (Holt). Bullying now takes many forms on a college campus intimidation, hazing, and so far cyber-bullying. Anti-harassment laws are necessary in colleges because of the new wireless culture, to signal zero adjustment for bullying and to ensure a positive impact on all stakeholders. The spread of wireless technology has changed the culture on college campuses. It is no longer qualified that Virtually every college in the country is required by federal law to have strong rules banning discriminatory harassment (Lukianoff). These federal laws mostly belong to the last century. The very nature of college campuses has changed in the past decade due to wireless technology. It is clear that bullying and harassment no longer ken only with stalking, vandalism, telephonic harassment and threats (Lukianoff).With the spread of wireless technology and students constant interaction on social networks, the problem of bullying and harassment has also taken on more serious dimensions. ... College campuses must reflect larger society in order to function as true environments of learning. Anti-harassment laws must keep tread with the changing times in order to remain effective. It is only when colleges are bound by clear anti-harassment laws that they can firmly signal their zero valuation account for bullying. Institutes of higher learning must be clearly seen to encourage a positive, supportive atmosphere where students make love that bullying give not be tolerated, where students know they can go to adults for help, and where there are clear consequences for bullying. When it is made compulsory for colleges to distribute their anti-harassment policy to all students, including instruction on what students and administrators should do if an incident of harassment occurs, bullying will be controlled (Holt). Spelling out the colleges commitment to an anti-harassment position will stop bullying. This can be done by fashioning colleges publicly recognize that bullying is a real problem and have a policy to deal with it (Holt). Only a compulsory anti-bullying policy will move college authorities to being proactive on this issue. Otherwise, there will be a tendency for teachers to tolerate or ignore bullying and even to look down on victims as not being man enough to take it in their stride. Authorities need to be active in preventing bullying on campus. An anti-harassment legislation will ensure that teachers and administrators make it a part of their duty to intervene in bullying. When colleges are required to prevent bullying and harassment, all the stakeholders will benefit. The victims of bullying often ca rry scars for life. This is

Organizational Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Theory - Essay ExampleLeaders should only choose conflicts that are fruitful endeavors for the company in that it one, focus on the in store(predicate) secondly it is material, and lastly, it has a noble purpose (Joni and Beyer, 2009, p. 50-52). The researchers also were able to come up with their own assessment tool. Since this is a qualitative research, they exhaustively defined the uptake of their terms. For instance, to pursue a noble purpose means to make your fight about improving the lives of the customers (Joni and Beyer, 2009, p. 51), and relates to the principles of corporate values, respect, and urgency. Focusing on the future is quite self-explanatory but they still define it as the ability of an organization to forget about the past power struggles and to move on and focus on what is ahead. It answers the principles of possibility, uncertainty, and charisma. devising it material answers the principles of value, complexity, and change (Joni and Beyer, 20 09, p. 52- 53). It is defined as something that creates lasting value, leads to a noticeable and sustainable improvement, and addresses a complex challenge that has no easy answers (Joni and Beyer, 2009, p. 50).Description of ProceduresBecause of the qualitative nature of the take up, Joni and Beyer (2009) made use of primary sources from various companiespress releases, profiles, and case studies and secondary sourcesarticles from newspaper and business journals. These are then used throughout the study as examples and basis for their arguments.

PR Functions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

PR Functions - Case Study ExamplePR performs both organizational and societal functions influencing internal workers and wife target audience. Organizational detention involves workers and investors, management policies and the Board of Directors, etc. At this level, PR bridges information gaps in dispersion channels, help coordinate the total marketing system, and adjust products and services to customer needs. Press releases and investors information are integral components of the communications mix (Apple habitation varlet 2008). Self- movie is a function of societal norms. Group membership and group belonging relate directly to self-esteem and favorable self-image acceptance and the grant of status by various organizations embellish the phenomenal self. The ability of groups to foster the development of more favorable self-images encourages belonging the ability of products, symbols, services, communications, and other aspects of the marketing program to enhance the self-image encourages habit behavior. One of the bases for understanding consumer behavior in its psychological and sociological dimensions, the self-image concept adds an important perspective to economic theories of consumption and is directly related to motivation (Gillin, 2007).At the societal level, Apple addresses all stakeholders including society and potential customers, IT professionals and economists, etc. At this level, the protect of information about product characteristics varies directly with buyers costs of see. When transactions and hunting costs are sufficiently small, buyers search more intensively and the additional advantage of intensive specialized search diminishes. The opposite is true for those with high search costs. Indeed, if search costs are sufficiently high it may not even pay to enter the differentiated products market at all (Gillin, 2007). The value of attribute information also depends on the difference between each consumers preferences and market avail abilities. If individual consumers exhibit little dispersion in their preferences and search costs, the primitive value of advertising product characteristics is small and its net social value may be even negative, for the same reason it was in some of the examples in the section above on advertising and perceptions. Since advance knowledge of attributes allows customers to specialize search activities in the most preferred varieties, the value of catering to particular groups is correspondingly greater when there is greater dispersion in tastes among buyers (Apple Home Page 2008).The aim of PR is to maintain relations with stakeholders and create a unique image of the company. The value and importance of PR is that a buyer cannot afford to investigate all of the alternative qualities of the products in the market. If Apple can increase profit and sales by offering a genuinely superior design and price in comparison with the existing configuration, there remains a possibility of a ccomplishing a similar result by changing buyers perceptions of an existing good. So far as individual firms are concerned, these activities have the same initial effects on sales and profit as were examined in the preceding section. But the nature of market equilibrium and the social consequences of such actions are markedly different (Apple Home Page

Zara Research Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Zara Research Study - Essay ExampleResearch has been made on guest service facilities offered by Zara and customers wisdoms regarding this subject. Both primary and auxiliary data have been used for the believe. Secondary data have been collected from different databases and existing literature published on past studies. Primary data have been collected by employing quantitative method of study. A sample population of 100 customers having shopping experience with Zara have been interviewed by distributing a merged questionnaire containing 5 close ended questions. The questions have been framed with the objective of understanding customer perceptions about customer service facilities provided by Zara. The secondary objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between age of customers and their perceptions. Responses of the participants have been measured in a five point Likert scale. The alternative hypothesis is that Zara provides satisfactory level of customer se rvice. The responses are analysed using the t-statistic and the estimated value of t statistic is found to be sufficiently greater than the tabulated value. Therefore the alternative hypothesis is accepted. This establishes that customers have strong positive perception about customer service facility provided by Zara. It has also been found that compared to the youths, the middle aged population hold better perceptions about the companys customer service.Zara is a famous international fashion brand. It is one of the eight store set ups of the Inditex gathering, which is one amongst the largest retailers in the fashion industry in the world. The Inditex Group is an assimilation of approximately one hundred textile companies that conceptualize designs, manufactures fabrics and distributes them. The first shop of Zara was opened in the city of Corua in 1975 (Inditex, n.d.). Presently, the company has expand its network to four hundred cities in eighty seven

NSW Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Essay

NSW Personal Development, Health and Physical Education - Essay ExampleThis schedule promotes the general well-being of the tike as they entrust tend to live a balanced lifestyle, healthy sense of recreation and develop skills necessary for an progressive lifestyle (Anon., 2006). Sport also develops each students competence and confidence in a broad range of games, gass and physical activities. Students develop primaeval execution skills (FMS), progressing to more games and sports-specific skills in non-competitive and competitive environments that foster positive feelings of success and enjoyment. They will be able to understand dynamics, spatial awareness, relationships, timing and rhythm of movement (Anon., 2006). Kids who engage in sport have greater anaerobic and aerobic ?tness than non-athlete in accord with their sport and its demands (Armstrong & Welsman, 2005 pg. 545). Their sense of fair play is typically lettered in sports. Values such as perseverance, observance o f the rules and honesty can be learned in sports. II. Convincing the child to participate in sport Normally, children are interested in sport. There are instances however that the child does not show interest in sport. It is however important for the child to be encouraged to participate in sport not only to promote an active lifestyle but also to develop the childs fond capabilities through sport. ... The concept of serious leisure originates with Stebbins (1992 qtd in MacPhail & Kirk, 2006 pg. 58) and denotes a participants strong sense of social identity, level of investment and persistence in a particular activity, namely the commitment to long-term leisure forms (Raisborough, 1999 qtd in MacPhail & Kirk, 2006 pg. 58 ). The commonly cited definition of serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity that participants find so substantial and interesting that, in the typical case, they launch themselves on a career centered on getting and expressing its special skills, knowledge and experience (Stebbins, 1992 p. 3 qtd in MacPhail, Ann Kirk, David, 2006 pg. 64). In short, the child has to view the sport as leisure for him or her to engage voluntarily. To encourage a child in sport, it is important to know what interests him or her. Maybe the type of sport that was presented to the child was not particularly interesting to him or her which is why the child is not interested. One of the best ways of making a child interested is by arousing his or her curiosity. Once the childs curiosity is aroused, it will naturally follow that the child will try the sport. Friends that a child trust also plays an important factor for a child to consider a particular sport (MacPhail, Ann Kirk, David 2006). It may not be the sport itself that may interest the child at first but rather the companionship of his or her friends. But if the sport itself will prove to be fun for the kid, then the interest for the sport will naturally grow and the participation will salutary naturally follow. It is just important at this stage for the

Community nursing practicum on heroin in the county of Philadelphia pa Research Paper

Community nursing practicum on heroin in the county of Philadelphia pa - Research Paper ExamplePhiladelphia consolidated city-county covers an welkin of about 141.6 Square Miles or 367 km2, with elevation above sea level ranging from 5 feet to 431 feet or 120 meters. Philadelphia is a great commercial and industrial amount of money which makes it the largest city in Pennsylvania. This is possible due to accessibility to raw materials, close proximity to the large North eastern market, and excellent transport facilities. According to sphere Population Review (2014), the macrocosm of Philadelphia as at 2013 was about 1,556,600 and a density of 11, 379.6 people per square mile contributed by the countys fast-growing population over the last few eld. The World Population Review (2014) defines Philadelphia as having a mixed racial composition comprising of whites, African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, other race, Hispanic, and inseparable Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders. The A frican Americans form about 43.4% of the area population followed by White ate 41.0% and Hispanics at 12.3%. All other races constitute of a percentage less than 10%. For the countys age population, less than 18 years comprised of 22.5%, 18-25 years were 13.3%, 25-44 years at 28.5%, 45-64 years at 23.5%, and 65 years and over were 12.2% as of 2010 population census. The physical environment at Philadelphia is characterized by far-reaching parks, outdoor activities for all ages, and community centers for recreation and relaxation. The most outstanding park is Fairmount special K that is about 9,200 acres characterized by golf courses, picnic sites, outdoor courts, and athletic fields all of which work towards sustaining an active, sporty, and relaxed population. The population of Philadelphia is aging and increasingly getting various in terms of race, income, ethnicity, health status, educational background, and original nationality.Although substantive progress in lowering substanc e ab utilization has been achieved, mid- and behavior-changing substances are still in use tolling the health of individuals,

The dignity of difference , how to avoid the clash of civilzations. by Essay

The dignity of difference , how to avoid the clash of civilzations. by jonathan sachs - Essay ExampleSacks reflects on this issue, and he recalls Jonathan Swifts observation that we have just enough religion to make us hate one another but not enough to make us love one another (Sacks 4). Therefore, the great faiths must now become an active force for peace and for the justice and compassion on which peace last depends (Sacks 4).Globalization poses a lot of challenges, because we ar more aware of the presence of other cultures in the world, and there is a danger of imposing a bingle way of life in a plural world, which would be a mistake. The moral dimension of globalization cannot be ignored. In Sacks view, the moral and spiritual issues convolute in globalization are among the most important we must face if we are to enhance human dignity, improve the chances of peace and avoid Samuel Huntingtons fortune telling of a clash of civilizations (Sacks 2).Sacks pretends to exorcize what he calls Platos ghost, which is universalism, or the idea of a universal truth. According to Plato, in the world of ideas, difference is dogged into sameness. This concept implicates that there is one truth on the essentials of human condition, and one possessor of the truth, while the others who think in a different manner are mistaken. The attempts to convert, cure and save others from their error have lead to some of the greatest crimes of history.Nowadays, corporate globalism promotes a uniformity of practices throughout the world, in despite of differences. The sequence of universalizing systems or regimes in Western history, from Greek and Roman civilizations, has tended to erase the local customs, cultures and languages, and it has culminated in globalization and the emergence of a universal culture. Corporate globalism takes the role of these systems in the contemporary world, and it is based on the market, the media, and multinational

International Differences Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Differences - Term Paper ExampleThis means that without a minute coordinated operation especially in dromes it will non be possible to achieve key objectives of the industry. synthetic rubber issue be a major(ip) concern of variant stakeholders the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and its key industry partners had to come together at the initial Global caterpillar track Safety Symposium (GRSS). The main agenda of this strategic meeting was to put in place measures that would ensure that the runway related accidents are put to a halt. At least(prenominal) four hundred and twenty participants from various member states as well as other from the different international aviation organizations were in attendance at the event. A number of recommendations were made with respect runway safety. Key among them includes a combined recognition of the motif to come up with a specialized Runway Safety Teams. The need to synchronize key definitions, taxonomies, and safety indicators used in the runway safety was imminent in this meeting. There was also a need to standardize and enhance communication measures not only within the runways but also around the runways.Runways are no doubt an important component of an airport without which no essential aviation operations can take place (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). A number of aviation standards touch on the safety of the air and runways being such a vital element of the aviation it must always be put under check to ensure that unfortunate events do not happen on the runway at all cost. This need can be justified by the fact that ICAO has held a wide range meetings with various stakeholders aimed at promoting a safe runway. Runway operations has on a number of occasions been accountable for majority the aviation accidents and fatalities just a hit source. For instance, in the last five years, of all the accidents reported to the ICAO one third of the case have been directly associated with runway

Shell company's efforts, actions and initiatives regarding Assignment

tick companys efforts, actions and initiatives regarding sustainability - Assignment ExampleThey have divided their tout ensemble work strategy into two directions, Up-stream and down-stream. In the Upstream strategy they are actually looking forward to discover newer oilfields and at the same time as well working on the existing methods to increase efficiency and productivity. In the downstream strategy they invest the earnings to earn financial gains. They focus on providing the provide to the demands of the energy of the world and that to in an environmentally friendly way and at the same time focus on sustainable development. ROYAL Dutch Shell plc commonly known as SHELL is a multinational BRITISH-DUTCH oil and gas company. Its headquarter is situated in THE HAGUE, NETHERLANDS and a registered office in LONDON, UK. SHELL is amongst virtuoso of the leading company in the field of oil and gas industry indulge itself not only in the production and refineries of petroleum product s but also paved its way in the major energy products like bio fuel, hydrogen and power generation. SHELL is keen in fulfilling and guaranteeing energy needs of multitude in ways that are highly economical, environmental and social responsible. Owing to the future challenges and threats regarding our energy demands, environment and its safety such as increasing cosmos and rising urbanization will hit our energy sources hardly and will eventually bring us to the verge of shortage of energy sources, according to an estimation that our worlds population will reach to 9 billion by 2050 which means that many people will fall in the workforce of energy poverty. Also it was estimated by INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY that $38 trillion will be required for infrastructure to meet energy demands by 2035, beside these GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE is a great threat. As a result SHELL has molded its approach in accordance with these challenges in coiffe to neutralize energy needs and energy sources, framed its policies and strategies under thorough case examinations of challenges in a very effective and righteous manner, reach to the decision in which they prioritized SUSTAINABILITY above all. Thus the energy sources that SHELL provides must be able to face these global challenges and threats which will lead towards building a sustainable ENERGY FUTURE. In the words of PETER VOSER, CEO, SHELL with tough economic conditions prevailing, and momentous social change taking place in slightly countries, the world must not lose sight of longer-term challenges. SHELL considers the two most dominating factors in putting a fight against these challenges. 1st is the kB HOUSE REGULATION.2nd is the development of sustainable urban cities i-e, smarter cities. These two factors effects the growing energy need to the extent of much reduction in energy demands as these smarter cities will set independency in the transport, energy systems etc. As a matter of fact that SUSTAINABILITY developm ent is a basic need of immediatelys era. All of sustainable developments and standards are framed by HEALTHY, SAFETY, SECURITY, ENVIRONMENT and SOCIAL PERFORMANCE (HSSP & SP). It governs all the related issues. It sets basic priorities, rules, regulations and all concerns bodies ought to abide by them. The CEO chairs the (HSSP & SP) and accesses management of sustainability development. These policies and performances are thoroughly inspected with respect to the SHELL general business principles and (HSSP

Engage Parents In their Childrens Early Learning Assignment

Engage Parents In their Childrens Early Learning - Assignment ExampleSocial barriers result from cultural institutions and structure that progress on individuals including ethnicity and gender (Tassoni, et al., 2010). Social barriers influence the ability of parents to participate in their tykerens early learning and include asylum seekers, travelers, disabled parents, foster carers, and parents regain remotely from the school. While some parents find it, difficult to integrate into the school community others demonstrate reluctance or failure to attend school meetings that could make a motion their level of involvement in school. Cultural barriers involve lack of recognition of values that are not automatically acquainted with different cultural attitudes towards child rearing except those of the natives. Cultural barriers are unwashed especially for immigrants, refugees, and traveling parents who find it difficult to integrate into culturally different schools. Time barriers a re common especially for families with parents working, single parent, or more than one child (Smit, et al., 1999). Two working parents means there is a shortage of magazine to participate in school activities or assist children with schoolwork at home. Additionally, single parents have too much on their schedule with little or no time left for participation in children learning. (Bruce, et al., 2011) Circumstance barriers including school governance regulations create a barrier to parent involvement especially by holding even parents meetings with parents to inform them of new school regulations (Tassoni, et al., 2010). The resulting structure of the school creates circumstances that are uncertain to the parents. Language barriers are common between schools and immigrant parents with only one nomenclature of communication (Smit, et al., 1999). In such cases, the schools do not effectively engage the parent in school activities.

Critically consider the position of the 'reasonable person' in both Coursework

Critically consider the position of the reasonable person in both the laws of contract and negligence. Uses cases and examples from both areas of laws to illustrate your answer - Coursework casefulIt will critically evaluate the concept and how it intersects with these branches of law. The study will review the concepts in light of examples and other aspects of judicial precedence.The reasonable man person give ups a court-ordered standard against which a defendants culpability can be evaluated. If he is found to look at behaved as a reasonable person would have under similar circumstances, he might be owed compensation rather than a punitive penalty. (Donovan, 2013, p. 100).This means the concept of a reasonable person exists to provide a basic standard of a expectation that a person of a certain level of mental awareness should be able to visualise and deal with. This means that a reasonable person is deduced done an assessment of what an individual will have ideally consider ed in similar situations and contexts.The usage of the philosophy of reasonable person varies across different branches of law. It is utilised in criminal law and may be varied in setting the standard of interest or standard of responsiveness based on the category of law that is being discussed.In the law of contract, the standard of a reasonable person is often invoked to examine the actions of a party in relation to a contract that is seen as an arms-length transaction or non. This is meant to ascertain if the contract was fair or not and hence, it provides guidance on how the law was put together and how the legal convention was utilised in dealing with people and in dealing with various processes that culminated in the formulation of the contract.A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two parties with an intention to create a legal relationship and it goes through the stages of offer, acceptance and mutual exchange of consideration (Hunt, 2014). A contract is voluntary and hence, each party must enter the contract willingly and without duress.Therefore, it can be stated that in cases where a person enters a

Western Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Western Art - Essay ExampleThe Etruscan civilization, on its peak, In the sixth and the seventh centuries, produced great works of art that Although deeply influenced by the Greek culture, conserved its distinctive identity. According to roman writers, the Etruscans were master of architectural engineering town planning and surveying, they taught Romans how to build fortifications, drainage systems and bridges. They also founded, using grids, many cities in Rome. Among the monuments that survived from this civilization we can cite, the temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva on the Capitoline hill.By 200 B.C., due to its successive military victory, Rome became at the forefront of the western world. Greece, although militarily defeated, find the shape of the republic Romes cultural life with the achievements of its philosophers, mathematicians and sculptors. Architecture surpassed its political and ritual functions to extend to urban architecture as this period witnessed the construct ion of several offices, bridges, streets,, and so forth The most important monuments built in this period are the Fortuna Virilis temple, the theater of Marcellus and the temple of Vesta. In the beginning of the Empire, roman architecture was the reflection of political life. Caesar arranged the reconstruction of old republican basilicas like the Basilica Julia, the Basilica Sempronia and the Basilica Aemilia as well as the construction of temples like the temple of Castor and Pollux, the temple of Divus Jiulus, the temple of Concord and most importantly the triumphal arc. Constantine, being the first Christian emperor, founded churches like the church of the Nativity, Bethlehem and the church of Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem and the original St. ray in Rome as well as the church of San Giovanni in Laterano.Between the fifth and ninth centuries, with major building projects in Western europium almost at a standhill, architectural development was left to Byzantium which remained econo mically

Ideological Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ideological - Essay ExampleSuch has been the case with of this author with regards to the topic of prayer in school. As a function of seeking to explain and ideological biography for how this belief has gr proclaim and evolved through cartridge holder, the following analysis will analyze the assorted stages and approaches that existed within my mind up until the present time. Before delving into the issue, it must be understood that the issue of prayer in school has been one that has been hotly contend and debated within the sphere of politics and current media during my adolescence and childhood. As a result of this fact, the perennial presence of this debate allowed me to be presented with the arguments for and against school prayer at a relatively young age. In keeping with the way in which the majority of society viewed the issue, I was led to believe that prayer in school, although representing a a few(prenominal) key benefits, was ultimately against the separation of church and state and should not exist to any level or take aim within the educational schema. Rather than this be informed by a particularly atheist and/or anti-religious viewpoint, this was instead informed as a result of the impact that media and the political debate had upon my own views. However, as I began to mature, I began to note the failures within the educational system as compared to the prior years in which it has been so successful. For instance, my parents, as well as older generations work continually discussing the devolution of the United States educational system and seeking to understand what changes could potentially be made as a path of remedying this decline. As a function of the presence of this issue and the clear and unmistakable fact that the United States educational system was merely a shell of what it was during the time of my parents and/or grandparents, my views with respect to the role of prayer in school began to change. Rather than being diametricall y opposed to such an idea, I began to integrate with a take of hold with respect to some of the benefits that it might stick out. However, of all of the factors that influence this progression of ideology within my own life, perhaps the most important was a level of increased importance with regards to the role in which religion played within my own life. As was the case of many individuals growing up in a religious home, religion did not have a personal impact upon me until such a time that I began to experience religious growth and appreciation within my own life. Realizing the power and help that prayer exhibited within my own life allowed me to come to a greater level of appreciation and understanding with regards to the degree of help and power that prayer could provide within the group setting. Anyone with even a cursory level of understanding concerning the power that prayer can provide understands that group prayer is a particularly powerful means through which intercessi on can be provided. As such, failing to utilize such a powerful tool within the educational system is merely ignoring a cost of free and highly successful method through which the educational system and personal development of the individual students can be maximized. All too often, within the current system, millions of dollars are poured into particular programs with little result. However, it is my firm belief, as a result

Critique of Klemperers Auction Design Essay Example for Free

Critique of Klemperers Auction Design EssayWhat Really Matters in Auction Design, Paul Klemperer, Journal of Economic Perspective Volume 16, Number 1 Winter 2002, pp. 169-189 I really like this article because I injecttain with around of what it says. Auctions, in recent times, have become very popular and I dont need to interview anyone closely(predicate) this, I just need to image myself to find out. Over the past few years, to be brutally honest, I have been absolutely addicted to eBay. com, an online shopping site made famous by the way in operates. Not totally be all transactions made online, which is very convenient, simply the way things are sold is what makes the shopping discover at eBay so unique, and fun. As the article mentions, auction off sales (like eBay) keister be potentially good for both buyers and sellers. An auction can involve many buyers, for instance the auction of a firm, whereas in the olden days, a negotiation over a house was usually between two people (bilateral negotiation) today there can be many sellers all competing for the same prize.This is good for the seller because now there is much more competition for the prize, therefore the seller will ring hes getting the highest determine for the same head. I think this is true because as human beings psychology goes, humans (generally speaking), angle to handle things better if they come in small increments, using the purchase of a house as an example, one would be somewhat overwhelmed at seeing a price tag of $1,000,000 for a house. However, instead of selling a house straight off a price-tag, if the auction method was taken, bidding might start at say $200,000, which sounds improbably cheap.After that, the auction could rise in very small increments, say $3,000, which wouldnt be very over-whelming for the human mind to take in. And with this method, it is much easier to convince the human mind to believe that the house is worth $1,000,000, or more Howeve r, as the article mentions, one should not be over-excited at the prospect of auctioning everything. Like most things, auctions can have their pit-falls. A major pitfall is bidder collusion. This is where buyers, or bidders, group together to abet with one another.This is a serious task because this is regarded as anti-competitive behavior which is a serious crime against the law. Sometimes, the deathing winning price will be lower than what the seller had give waying for it in the first place, making it an unremunerative auction. This could happen when for example, there are 10 Nike garment for sale, and 10 bidders interested in Nike shoes. Collusion takes place when the 10 sly bidders come together and cooperate with each other so that each will go home with a pair of shoes at the lowest possible price, often the starting line price of the auction, which often is very low.This is detrimental to the profits the seller was hoping to make because essentially, there is not eno ugh competition, and it is very hard to prove in judicature that the bidders were colluding. I think this rarely on eBay, it hasnt happened to my knowledge, this could be because eBay has the power to monitor conversations between online members and any anti-competitive behaviour is detected and the members guilty will get into trouble, perhaps kicked out and disallowed from using eBay again.A possible solution to this, as the article mentions is the tactic of hiding certain bits of information from the bidders. The use of the sealed-bid auction can be used so that bidders dont know what the current price/bid is and therefore they wint know what price they can and should collude at, because anyone can secretly enter a bid slightly higher than the collusion agreed price and walk away for more goods than everybody else. This is bad for that one person who deviated from the collusion and won everything if the other members find out it was him.However, another way to protect this com petitive buyer is to make the winner anonymous. So now this seems like the perfect auction design, sealed bid auction, anonymous winner, but this design still has its pitfalls. Imagine you were the winner of the Nike shoes by sealed bid auction and you are anonymous, you paid $200 for them. However, later you find out that the runner-up bidder (the person with the second highest bid) only bided $50. It turns out that you bid and paid $150 more than you had to, this would be very humiliating and embarrassing for you.This can be a major job I would imagine, however eBay has sort of managed to sort a similar problem out, you roll the maximum your are willing to bid, if you win, you only have to pay $1 more than the runner up, that way you are the one willing to pay the most, in time you pay the least possible given the other competitors, this way, everyone stays happy. I think this is a really smart way to do it because not only can you almost assure yourself of winning, given youve got lots of money, but it means that youll pay as little as possible for the goods.The only other problem possible with this method is that the runner-up may become jealous of you and may bid up the price, these are called phoney bids, just so that youll have to pay more money, however, this is not often a problem because it is very risky for the runner-up to do this because he may over-take you in the bidding and end up having to pay the high-price. Which I would say serves him right for being so jealous and childish. If the runner-up wants the good so bad and is so jealous, let him have it but make him pay a high price.This brings me to the next thing which this article clearly points out, beware the Winners Curse. It is extremely easy to over-bid in any auctions because of the fact that bidders tend to think in terms of small increments and not big numbers (as pointed out above), therefore it is very easy for bidders to bid too much, win the good, and end up paying more than the goods actual value. In some instances, bidders are paying more for Nike shoes at auctions, when they could buy the same pair of shoes at a retail shop like say, Rebel Sports.This is called the winners curse, this can be avoided by getting as much information about the harvest/good as possible before bidding on the shoes. This I know has happened to me on numerous occasions on eBay. com. au, mainly because I cute the product and I also felt proud about the fact that I beat everybody else at the auction, little did I know how much my authority would plummet when I found out that I paid too much for the same pair of shoesBut, as Klemperer points out, hiding information about the product is not always at the sellers best interest. This point should be quite self-explanatory because, why would bidders bid aggressively if they dont know much about the item they are bidding on? This was also a lesson learnt the hard way for me, these days if Im bidding on something, I want to read that the item Im bidding is real/authentic and not a fake and that way if the item they give me is a fake, I can get a refund.If the seller wishes to encourage aggressive bidding, he/she has to provide useful and honest information for the bidders otherwise aggressive bidding is nothing but a dream. Another problem that can be faced by auctioneers is as Klemperer labels it Entry Deterrence and Predation, this is not a problem on eBay because all bidders bid at their deliver pace. However, in the case of an auction for say a house where bidders stand in a crowd with one another, really aggressive bidders tend to pall everyone away. On eBay where you can make small incremental bids as low as 20iat a time at anytime (provided the auction has not ended), with house auctions really aggressive bidders can bid huge increments which tends to scare off everybody else and so that person dominates the auction and has an advantage. This predatory action can be avoided by allowing the auction pric e to only rise by little increments at one time, this is sometimes seen where the auctioneers job is to offer the crowd a winning price from which the bidders only need to raise their hand to signal that they accept the price offered, this in turn removes a lot of the predatory actions of a few.There are many other interesting points made by Klemperer, he really is a scientist when it comes to auction analysis and I really admire the work he has done. So for you future bidders, watch out the winners curse and find out plenty of information about the thing you are bidding on, and dont get over-excited, this is very dangerous. Other than that, I look forward to reading more of Klemperers articles.

The ideologies Essay Example for Free

The ideologies EssayThe ideologies that dominated the westward expansion of the United States may perplex been embedded in the idea of ovalbumin. As an idea, tweed was passkeyly conceived in Europe as one of the major tools employed in the conquest of the third world countries an objective that was achieved via colonialism and slavery. The whiteness ideology has no biological basis and is a purely a social construction. Whiteness helped to create solidarity among the Europeans with the belief that whites are the superior race. Whiteness is to a fault the ideology underlying racism, particularly when it is viewed from the perspective of the white mans burden to colonise the savage. Despite being flawed with prejudices and ideological errors, whiteness is still upheld as an infallible ideology by its supporters. It therefore forms an essential part of the methods adopted in the domination of other races. The westward expansion of the United States may admit largely been inform ed by this idea of white supremacy .The oppression of native Americans and other minority groups is evident in American history whereby the whites utilize the whiteness ideology as effective forms of social control. Chaos, disorder and savagery are seen by whiteness ideologists as the very opposite of civilisation which the ideology-in their avow perspective -stands for. In the Antebellum era the resulting violence, racism, prejudice, discrimination and oppression of the peoples of non-European descent were seen as justifiable by reason of the white supremacy ideology.Native Americans, original accepters of much of the west were never considered as equals of their counterparts of European descent. Long before the arrival of the Europeans, the Indians were already settled in North America, this fact did very short to prevent their evacuation from their ancestral lands by the Europeans who were armed with the whiteness ideology and possessed the lands for themselves. The belief tha t it was expedient for the colonist, who were of European descent to civilise their savage neighbours considering their much intelligent make-up lent a very strong helping hand to this cause.A replay of the colonisation of African territories was witnessed as the expansion continued, climaxing with the Indian removal Act which resulted in the resettling of Indians on reservations. Another ideology that may have informed Americas drive westward was the need for national security. The allegiance of most(prenominal) Indians to the British was an uncomfortable position for America who was still locked in a dispute with the British succeeding(a) the American Revolutionary Wars.Leaving the western lands unsupervised would probably have amounted to a weak point in the strategic defence of the United States. The Indian removal act as passed by sexual intercourse in 1830 was one very important strategy adopted by the US government in its westward expansion . This policy empowered the ch airwoman to sign relocation treaties with the Native American tribes. These relocations were almost always forcibly enforced as the natives were reluctant to move.Subsequent upon this policy native Americans were relocated to settlements . An engrossment policy was beginning to gain ground as against settlements in reservations with the sole aim of separating the natives from their traditional way of life in order to inculcate them into American cultural way of life. Furthermore some states, as a ploy to deny the scattered Indian resistance of support from Whites Sympathetic to their cause, banned non-Indian settlements on Indian lands.Bison was the major source of food for the Indians of the plains and as a strategy to quit them and take takeover their lands, people were encouraged by then president Jackson to hunt and kill as many Bison as possible so that being starved of food the Indians would move out on their own accord. Americas interest in New Mexico and Upper California l ed to a war with Mexico on a very flimsy assuage and Americas policy towards the native Indians and Mexico has continually evolved.At the moment assimilation as a policy is preferred over reservation following the Indian citizenship act of 1924. Many Native Indian tribes today have been assimilated into mainstream American culture and are at the granted federal recognition that entails their by rights to self government, sovereignty and self determination thereby sharing some privileges with the states with limitations however on issues bordering on foreign relations, external aggression and on the power to mint and print currency.Heart diseases, alcoholism, diabetes etc are some modern physical health problems being suffered by Native Americans whose remote cause may have been the numerous ordeals they have been through over the years. On the whole the westward expansion of the United States has helped in largely defining core American set and civilization.Works Cited1. For the Common Defence A Military History of the United States of America (1994). Simon Schuster. ISBN0-0292-1597-8.

Hubspot Case Question Essay Example for Free

Hubspot Case Question Essay1. Analyze HubSpots Marketing incorporate in the context of an overallMarketing Strategy 2. Do you agree with HubSpot that the rules of merchandise have changed? If so, how? Is inbound marketingthe answer? Why or why not? 3. Is HubSpot finding and fate the right set of customers? Given its position as a start-up company,should it widen its focus to serve any customer that comes its way? Or narrow their target, by focusingexclusively on either Owner Ollies or Marketer Marys? Or by focusing exclusively on either B2B or B2Ccustomers? 4. HubSpot has begun to differentiate its products as it has in condition(p) much about its customers. Should it domore? Should its pricing strategy change too?Does the software-as-a-service (SaaS) pricing model workfor both Marketer Marys and Owner Ollies? Should HubSpot try to immediately capture more value for either of these customers? 5. Are Halligan and Shah being too stubborn by not doing any outbound marketing? O r should they continueto practice what they preach by focusing on inbound marketing alone? 6. Halligan and Shah want HubSpot to be to marketing, what salesforce.com is to sales. What would your plan of action be to make this happen? Why would you take these actions? What keeps you up at nightabout your plan?This case follows the growth of HubSpot, an entrepreneurial venture which faces significant challenges includingdeveloping a market segmentation, deciding which customer to serve and which customers to turn away,configuring a pricing strategy which is aligned with the value being delivered to customers, and determiningwhether inbound marketing programs can generate enough scale to grow the business or whethertraditionaloutbound marketing methods need to be employed to accelerate growth. The HubSpot case focuses on issuesaround marketing channels, specifically inbound marketing and the use of Web 2.0 tools and applications suchas blogging, search engine optimization, and affectio nate media

Electroencephalogram Test on Alcoholics and Non Alcoholics

Electroencephalogram Test on Alcoholics and Non AlcoholicsINTRODUCTIONThe electroencephalogram ( electroencephalogram) is a beak handst of the electric use in the perseverings sense. This galvanic performance is produced by the firing of neurons (a nerve cell) within the star and varies from tolerant to patient. In 1875, English physician Ric punishing Caton diskovered the presence of electrical performance in the pass however, it was not until German neurologist Han Berger in 1924 used his ordinary radio equipment to amplify the headers electrical activity so he could record it on paper. He noticed that jazzy changes in brain waves varied with the individuals state of consciousness ( kip, anesthesia, epilepsy) and that various regions of the brain do not emit the same brain wave oftenness simultaneously. (http//www.bio-medical.com). The encephalogram was given its name by Berger who used the German term elektrenkephalogramm to describe the graphical representation of t he electrical currents gene castd in the brain. The scientific community of Bergers clock did not believe the conclusions he make and it took another five ample time until his conclusions could be verified through experimentation by Edgar Douglas Adrian and B.C.H Matthews. These experiments made toss-waves and other scientists began studying the field and in 1936 W. Gray Walter demonstrated that this technology could be used to pinpoint a brain tumor. He used a large number of small electrodes that he pasted to the scalp and found that brain tumors frontd aras of atypical electrical activity. (Romanowski 1999) and http//www.ebme.co.uk.The brain is the central part of the nervous system, which is the virtually complicated system in the body. It is an intriguing organ that has been studied right from the time of brain development in the fetus. The human brain weighs about 1.5kg in adults. The cerebrum, which forms the bulk of the brain, is divided into two hemispheres, the ri ght hemisphere and the left hemisphere. Each hemisphere of the brain interacts with ane half of the body, simply for un cognise agents, it is the right berth that subordinations the left half of the body and the left half of the brain that controls the right half of the body. However, in most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is involved in language and creativeness, while the right side of the brain is more involved in understanding and judgment. The cerebrum, which is located in the forebrain, is the largest part of the human brain and is associated with high brain functions such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections called lobes. These accept the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, planning, separate of speech, movement and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with movement, orientation, recognition and perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and the temporal lobe is associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech. (Khan 2009).Over the years with advancements in technology encephalogram electrodes, amplifiers and output devices were improved and scientists learned the best places to put the electrodes and how to diagnose its conditions. They also discovered how to create electrical maps to produce an word-painting of the brains originate and today pneumoencephalogram machines have multiple channels, computer storage memories and fussyized softw are that brush aside create an electrical map of the brain. (Romanowski 1999). EEG has coiffure a long way since its inception more than 100 years ago and it is used primarily in studying the properties of cerebral and neural networks in neurosciences (Michel et al. 2004). It is used to monitor the neurodevelopment and catnap patterns of infants in the intensive wield unit and ultimately en fitted physici ans to use the education to improve daily medical care (Scher 2004). The emergence of neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback has expanded the industry of EEG for both cases with particular dis nines or among healthy participants. EEG frequencies in neurofeedback rotter be controlled to peg down certain cognitive performance and memory confinement, (Vernon et al. 2003). Interactive Brainwave Visual Analyzer (IBVA) is a form of biofeedback for the brain (neurofeedback). Its a training process of victimisation technology to provide you with more information about what your body is doing than your ordinary senses provide. This feedback helps you learn to use your mind to develop greater control over your body, or, in the case of neurofeedback, your brain. IBVA detects brainwaves phasing at speeds measured in units of Hz for cycles per second between 0 and 60 Hz. It is used for sleep state and hypnosis analysis, image programming for sports training, extremely learning (photo reading) and for study. EEG biofeedback is effective in treating psychological dis come outs such as attention deficit, depression, inveterate anxiety disorder, chronic alcoholics and neurological disorders like epilepsy. Patients with epilepsy that lavnot be controlled by medication bequeath often have surgery in order to remove the damaged tissue. The EEG plays an important role in localizing this tissue. Special electrodes apprize be inserted through the cortex or alternatively a grid of electrodes placed directly on the surface of the cortex. These recordings, often called Long Term monitor for Epilepsy (LTME), can be carried out for periods ranging from 24 hours to 1 week. The EEG recorded will indicate which areas of the brain should be surgically removed. (Smith n.d). another(prenominal) important application of the EEG is used by anesthesiologist to monitor the depth of anesthesia. EEG measures sequestern during anesthesia exhibit stereotypic changes as anesthetic depth join on s. These changes include complex patterns of loss of consciousness oversteps (loss of responses to verbal commands and/or loss of righting reflex). As anesthetic depth increases from get away surgical levels to deep anesthesia, the EEG exhibits disrupted rhythmic waveforms, high amplitude burst suppression activity, and finally, very downcast amplitude isoelectric or flat line activity.Quantitative EEG (QEEG) has come a long way in its relatively short life in terms of use in clinical practice. Now, as clinicians become aware of the scientific rear end and power of apply parametrically based measures of QEEG to assess an individual against age-matched populations, they find new ways to employ this technique. There are literally thousands of univariate electrophysiological measures that can be derived, change and normed into Z-scores (standard scores), to be used to indicate degrees of derivations from general. QEEG offers a powerful application tool as a manner for providing convergent evidence in the identification of clinical syndromes for individuals. Over the years, various clinicians apply QEEG have attempted to establish brain maps to correspond with specific disorders such as learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), chronic alcoholism and depression. era certain features may be associated with general types of impairments, the utilization of univariate sets of features have, to date, been unable to provide defining specific psychiatric disorders. Looking at still the univariate features without recognizing the full space of all deviant measures, unity may not realize the particular cluster of measure that may contribute to specific disorders with straightforward features. Multivariate statistical measurement sets encompass the space of regions by measurement, yielding distinctive complex patterns which yield greater sensitivity in discriminability. (Budzynski, Evans and Abarbanel 2008).The basic systems of an EE G machine include data collection, storage and display. The components of these systems include electrodes, connecting wires, a computer control module and a display device. The electrodes used can be both surface or needle electrodes. Needle electrodes provide greater place clarity be take a leak they are injected directly into the body and this in turn eliminates signal muffling caused by the skin. Surface electrodes on the other hand are disposable models such as the tab, ring and bar electrodes as well as reusable disc and finger electrodes. These electrodes may also be combined into an electrode cap that is placed directly on the head (Romanowski 2002).EEG amplifiers convert weak signals from the brain into a more discernable signal for the output device. An amplifier may be set up as follows a pair of electrodes detects the electrical signal from the body, wires connected to the electrodes direct the signal to the prototypic section of the amplifier (buffer amplifier). Her e the signal is electronically stabilized and amplified by a broker of 5 10 and then next in line is a differential pre-amplifier that filters and amplifies the signal by a factor of 10 100. After passing through these amplifiers the signals are multiplied by hundreds or thousands of times. Multiple electrodes are used since the brain produces different signals at different points on the skull and the number of channels that an EEG machine has is related to the number of electrodes used. The amplifier is able to translate the different incoming signals and cancel out ones that are identical this means that the output from the machine is actually the difference in electrical activity picked up by the two electrodes. This therefore means that the placement for each electrode is critical because the closer they are to each other the less differences in brainwaves will be recorded (Romanowski 2002).EEG SYSTEM LAYOUT (www.medicalengineer.com)Recording of the electrical activity in the brain confines place over a short period of time from where information is obtained from electrodes stationed at specific points on the patients head. Electrodes are placed on the scalp of the head usually after preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to dead skin cells. In order for the placement of these electrodes to be consistent throughout an internationally recognized method called the 10-20 System is followed. The 10 and the 20 gives the actual distances between adjacent electrodes. This distance can either be 10% or 20% of the total front-back or right-left distance of the skull, i.e. the nasion inion and preauricular points respectively, http//www.neurocarelaunches.com. Specific measurements from bony landmarks (inion, nasion and preauricular point) are used to generate a system of lines, which run across the head and intersect at intervals of 10% or 20% of their total length as mentioned above. The standard set of electrodes consists of 21 rec ording electrodes and one ground electrode. The distance between the nasion and inion is measured along the midplane and the frontopolar point, Fpz, is marked at 10% above the nasion. Frontal (Fz), central (Cz), parietal (Pz) and occipital (Oz) points are marked at intervals of 20% of the entire distance, leaving 10% for the interval between Oz and inion (see Diagram 1). The midline points Fpz and Oz human activityly do not receive any electrode. The distance between two preauricular points across Cz is measured. Along this line, the thwartwise position for the central points C3 and C4 and the temporal points T3 and T4 are marked 20% and 40% respectively from the midline (see Diagram 2). The circumference of the head is measured form the occipital point (Oz) through temporal points T3 and T4 and the frontopolar point (Fpz). The longitudinal measurement for Fp1 is located on that circumference, 5% of the total length of the circumference to the left of Fpz. The longitudinal measure ments for F7, T3, T5, O1, O2, T6, T4, F8 and Fp2 are at the distance of 10% of the circumference (see Diagram 3). An electrode is then placed on each of the two ear lobes. (Jasper 1958) and (Jasper 1983).In order for the EEG examen to be a success and the best possible results obtained the preparation the patient must undergo is very basic since lonesome(prenominal) a good wickedness sleep before the test is needed along with a grease-free head on the morning of the test. However, it can get more technical should the patient be taking any medication and information on this medication must be passed on to the doctor. An EEG test may be done in a hospital or in a doctors office by an EEG technologist. Using the internationally recognized 10-20 system, the electrodes are placed on the patients head and the technologist can then put the patient through a variety of different tasks such as addition/subtraction of numbers, breathing deep and rapidly or he can ask the person to wear a g oggles sending out a strobe (bright flashing light). These tasks take place normally at 15-20 second durations with 30 second breaks in between. The electrodes attached to the patients head are connected by wires to a computer which records the electrical activity in the brain. An EEG test can last between 1-2 hours and the results obtained from it can be read by a certified doctor know as a Neurologist.The results of an EEG test are in the form of waveforms which gives vital information about the patient. Waves can either be Alpha waves (frequency of 8 to 12 cycles per second), Beta waves (frequency of 14 to 50 cycles per second), Delta waves (frequency less than 5 cycles per second) or Theta waves (frequency of 4 to 7 cycles per second). Basic alpha waves, which originate in the cortex, can be recorded if the patient closes his eye and put his brain at rest as much as possible. Beta activity is a normal activity present when the eyes are open or closed. It tends to be seen in the channels recorded from the centre or front of the head. Some drugs however, tend to increase the amount of beta activity in the EEG. Theta activity can be classified as both a normal and abnormal activity figureing on the age and state of the patient. In adults it is normal if the patient is drowsy. However, it can also indicate brain dysfunction if it is seen in a patient who is alert and awake. In younger patients, theta activity may be the main activity seen in channels recorded from the back and central areas of the head. Delta activity is only normal in an adult patient if they are in a moderate to deep sleep. If it is seen at any other time it would indicate brain dysfunction. atypical activity may be seen in all or some channels depending on the underlying brain problem. The stroke or blow on the head. (Niedermeyer, Ernest and Lopes da Silva 2004).ALPHA WAVESBETA WAVESTHETA WAVESDELTA WAVES (http//www.electropsychology.com)Each type of wave mentioned above gives us informat ion about the patient, for example in a normal patient we tend to observe mainly alpha or beta waves since both sides of the brain appearing similar patterns of electrical activity. A normal person in this case is described as one who doesnt possess any of the following affections or injuries head injury, neurological disease, convulsions, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, memory difficulties, confusion, depression, delusions/hallucinations and learning disabilities. If the patient is abnormal you may find two sides of the brain giving different electrical activities and this may mean there is a problem in one side of the brain caused by a brain tumor, stroke, infection or epilepsy.EPILEPTIC SPIKES AND WAVE DISCHARGES MONITORED WITH EEG (http//www.webmd.com).A stroke, which is a sudden disruption in blood flow to brain, caused by blockage or bleeding of a blood vessel and Epilepsy which is a nervous system disorder, can cause abnormal electrical activity in the brain and this abnormality can be seen from the results of an EEG test. Another common disease which is on the escalation presently is Alcoholism. This disease is known as alcohol dependence syndrome i.e. the most severe stage of a group of drinking problems, and the person who has this disease is known as an alcoholic. Alcohol understandably affects the brain since impairments such as difficulty in walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times and impaired memory are detectable after only one or two drinks and is quickly resolved when drinking stops. We do know that heavy drinking may have extensive and far-reaching effects on the brain ranging from simple slips in memory to permanent and debilitating conditions that require lifetime custodial care (White 2003). According to the number 1 website for alcoholism, http//www.alcoholism.about.com, studies have shown that brains of alcoholics are smaller, lighter and shrunken when compared to that of a normal person. The cerebral cortex or gray m atter in the brain controls all the complex mental activities and this is fill with neurons connected by single long fibers which make up the hard wiring of the brain. Heavy consumption of alcohol is particularly damaging on this hard wiring hence the reason why the brain becomes lighter and smaller and the alcoholic severe impairments.SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE HUMAN BRAIN, SHOWING REGIONS VULNERABLE TO ALCOHOLISM-RELATED ABNORMALITIES. (http//www.elvizy.com).Another major organ apart from the brain which alcohol affects is the liver. Long-term abusers of alcohol usually have some degree of liver damage, ranging in severity from symptomless and reversible fatty liver, through hepatitis and cirrhosis, to primary liver cell carcinoma, which is usually fatal. Evidence is accruing to suggest that this spectrum of disorders may be a progressive series of stages of increase severity. Alcohol liver damage accounts for the vast majority of cases of cirrhosis in patients coming to autopsy. F urther, mortality from cirrhosis is associated with national per capita levels of consumption. In North-American studies, alcoholic cirrhosis was one of the top five causes of mortality for people aged 25 to 64 years in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, Savolainen, Penttila and Karhunen investigated the relationship between alcohol aspiration and liver cirrhosis in Finland, where the per capita consumption rates doubles between 1969 and 1974. Rates of liver cirrhosis mortality rose from 4.2 to 9.7 per 100,000 between 1968 and 1988. The mortality rate from cirrhosis has been estimated as between seven and thirteen times higher in alcoholics than in those who do not drink. Although it is more common in men than in women, there is evidence that liver disease progresses more rapidly in the female alcohol abuser (Knight and Longmore 1996). Alcoholics, they say, are not like missed victims of measles or cancer. They may have impaired control but they can gain control through will-power and learning certain techniques. While the cause of alcoholism is unknown, a number of risk factors have been identified. These include availability (Australian Aborigines illustrate the importance of availability of alcohol as a risk factor since when they were forbidden to drink there apparently was a low rate of alcohol abuse), family history (alcoholism in the family is probably the strongest predictor of alcoholism occurring in particular individuals), sex (studies have confirmed higher incidence of alcoholism in men than in women), age (alcoholism in men usually develops in the teens, twenties and thirties while in women it often develops later), geography (people living in urban or suburban areas are more often alcoholics than those living in farms or in small towns), occupation (waiters, bartenders, Dockers, musicians, authors and reporters have relatively high cirrhosis rates whereas accountants, postmen and carpenters have relatively low rates), religion (almost all Jews and E piscopalians drink, but alcoholism among Jews is uncommon and appear relatively low among Episcopalians, whereas Irish Catholics in the USA and UK have high rates of alcoholism) and nurture difficulty ( secondary school dropouts have a record of being irritable and melancholy and experience feelings of guilt and remorse which drives them to become alcoholics. These lose interest in life and shine suicide which is a common outcome of alcoholism). People who have been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time run the risk of developing serious and persistent changes in the brain. Damage may be as a result of the alcohol on the brain or may result indirectly, from a poor health status or from severe liver disease (Goodwin 2000).Alcoholics are not all alike since they experience different degrees of impairment and the disease has different origins for different people. Consequently, questioners have not found conclusive evidence that any one variable is solely respo nsible for the brain deficits found in alcoholics. Characterizing what makes some alcoholics vulnerable to brain damage whereas others are not remains the subject of active research. The good news is that most alcoholics with cognitive impairment show at least some improvement in brain structure and functioning within a year of abstinence, though some people take much longer (Bates, Bowden and Barry 2002), (Gansler 2000) and (Sullivan 2000). Clinicians must consider a variety of treatment methods to help people stop drinking and to recover from alcohol related brain impairments, and tailor these treatments to the individual patient. Development of these therapies would occur over time with advancements in technology. Brain imaging techniques are used by medical doctors so that they can monitor the course of these therapies and see how successful they are. This monitoring is important since imaging can reveal information such as structural, functional and biochemical changes in the l iving patient over a period of time. Promising new medications also are in the early stages of development, as researchers strive to design therapies that can help pr circumstance alcohols harmful effects and promote the growth of new brain cells to take the place of those that have been damaged by alcohol.OBJECTIVESElectroencephalogram or EEG is a tool used to image the brain while it is playacting a cognitive task. This allows us to detect the location and magnitude of brain activity involved in the various types of cognitive functions we study. EEG allows us to view and record the changes in your brain activity during the time you are performing the task. Results from an EEG is extremely useful since Neurologists use this to diagnose seizure disorders (epilepsy), brain tumors, brain hemorrhage, cerebral infarct, head injury, sleep disorders and in confirming death in someone who is in a coma. (Tatum 2007).In this research project we have narrowed the study of the EEG to examine male alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients. The general accusative of this project requires us to compare EEG results obtained from testing alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. An alcoholic is one who suffers from the disease known as alcoholism and cannot control how much they consume. Identification of one involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinkers life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholics life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify. Apart from the general objective of this research project there were many smaller tasks which had to be completed in order for us to obtain successful results and hence fulfill our main objective.The first task of this research project entailed sourcing alcoholic and non-alcoholic volun teers to test. This was particularly important since the successfulness of this task would revolve solely around our general objective. However, once this first task was sorted out and patients were tested, from the results obtained we used analytical methods such as monopolar absolute power maps, coherence maps and chaos analysis to help us get a clearer illustration of the results and hence make the general objective much clearer.The second objective of this project required us to have sufficient background information on the EEG, the experimental methodology when conducting an EEG (10-20 System), analytical methods used to illustrate EEG results, alcoholism, EEG on alcoholics and other general topics revolving around the area of research. In order for this to be a success the necessary books, journals, websites had to be sourced and read before any practical work commenced.Once these two tasks were performed successfully, we then set out to obtain our general objective of analyzi ng and comparing EEG results of both alcoholics and non-alcoholics.LITERATURE REVIEWAn electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain by using surface biopotential electrodes. These electrodes are attached to the patients head and hooked by wires to a computer which records the brains electrical activity on the screen or on paper as wavy lines (waveforms). Among the basic waveforms are the alpha, beta, theta and delta rhythms. Alpha waves occur at a frequency of 8 to 12 cycles per second in a regular rhythm and are present only when you are awake but have your eyes closed. They normally disappear when you open your eyes or start concentrating mentally. Beta waves occur at a frequency of 13 to 30 cycles per second and are usually associated with the use of sedative medications. Theta waves occur at a frequency of 4 to 7 cycles per second and are most common in children and young adults. Delta waves occur at a frequency of 0.5 to 3 .5 cycles per second and generally occur in young children or during deep sleep. During an EEG, typically about 20-30 minutes of activity are evaluated and special attention is salaried to the basic waveforms, but brief bursts of energy and responses to stimuli, such as light are also examined, (The university of Texas medical branch, http//www.utmbhealthcare.org).Results from an EEG test can tell a lot about the patient and is a read by a neurologist. The waves recorded can be classified as normal or abnormal. Abnormal waves can indicate medical problems, whereas different types of normal waves can indicate various states or activity levels. The value of understanding the normal EEG lies in developing the foundation to provide a clinical basis for identifying abnormality. Knowledge of normal waveform variations, variants of normal EEG that are of uncertain significance, and fluctuations of normal EEG throughout the lifecycle from youth to the aged are essential to provide an accur ate impression for clinical interpretation. When abnormality is in doubt, a conservation impression of normal is proper. EEG produces a graphic display of a difference in voltages from two sites of brain functions recorded over time. Extra cranial EEG provides a broad survey of the electrocerebral activity throughout both hemispheres of the brain while intracranial EEG provides focused EEG recording directly from the brain through surgically implanted electrodes that are targeted at specific regions of the brain. (Tatum 2007). Information about a diffuse or focal cerebral dysfunction, the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), or patterns of special significance may be revealed from an abnormal EEG. For the successful interpretation of an abnormal EEG, one must first understand the criteria necessary to define normal patterns. While a normal EEG does not exclude a clinical diagnosis (i.e. epilepsy), an abnormal finding on an EEG may be demonstrative of(predicate) of a diagnosis (i.e. in epilepsy), be indicative of cerebral dysfunction (i.e. focal or generalized slowing), or have nothing to do with the reason that the study was performed (i.e. in headache). It is in the clinical application of the EEG findings that imparts the utility of EEG. (Tatum 2007). Two important applications involving EEG wave classification are diagnosis of sleep disorders and construction of brain-computer interfaces to assist disabled people with daily living tasks.Sleep occupies roughly one-third of a persons life and is indispensable for health and well-being. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a ten-second or longer pauses in breathing during sleep. A person with sleep apnea cannot self-diagnose the presence of this disorder so in order to make diagnoses for sleep disorders, physicians usually need to study patients sleep patterns through sleep recording. A typical sleep recording has multiple channels of EEG waves coming from the electrodes placed on the subjects head. The waves from a healthy subject are stable about zero and show relatively high variability and low correlation whilst the waves from a person with sleep difficulty show less variability and higher correlation. Measuring EEG signals is a non-intrusive procedure since it does not cause any pain to the subject. Sleep staging is the pattern recognition task of classifying sleep recordings into sleep stages continuously over time and is performed by a sleep stager. These sleep stages include rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, four levels of non-REM sleep and being awake. Sleep staging is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of various sleep disorders. In order to make many EEG-based applications practical enough for routine use, it is necessary to achieve high accuracy in EEG wave classification. For physicians specializing in sleep disorders, meliorate sleep stage classification accuracy can increase both their diagnostic accuracy and the speed with which they make diag nosis. (Min and Luo. n.d).DIAGRAM SHOWING EEG eternal rest PATTERNS, (http//www.benbest.com)Brain-Computer interfaces (BCIs) are currently being developed to facilitate the control of computers by people who are disabled. As disabled people think about what they compliments to have the computer do, their thinking is classified based on their EEG waves andcorresponding instructions are automatically executed by the computer. Accurate EEG wave classification is a critical requirement for computers to receive correct instructions. There are various kinds of BCIs with the most promising one being the P300 BCI using EEG signals. This is so because of its non-invasiveness, ease of use, portability and low set-up cost. In neuroscience, P300 refers to a neutrally-evoked potential component of EEG. (Min and Luo. n.d). Quantitative EEG signal analysis involves the transformation of the EEG signal into numerical values that can be used to examine selected EEG features. Once a specific featur e of the EEG has been quantified, it can be displayed using various graphical methods such as topographic mapping or spectral trend monitoring. Other applications of quantitative analysis include automated event detection, intraoperative or ICU monitoring, and source localization. Normative databases of quantitative EEG features (such as the peak alpha rhythm frequency or amount of alpha reactivity) can be used for statistical comparisons in research studies. Statistical quantitative EEG analysis is not yet considered reliable as an independent measure of abnormal brain function for clinical purposes. Topographic mapping refers to the graphical display of the distribution of a particular EEG feature over the scalp or cortical surface. Advanced forms of topographic mapping attempt to display EEG activity as it might be seen at the cortical surface by superimposing a color or gray scale image of the EEG feature onto the cortical surface image taken from the subjects MRI. More simplify forms of topographic mapping create a graphic display of an EEG feature over an imaginary head surface. All methods of topographic mapping depend heavily on montage construction. (Fisch and Spehlmann 1999).DIAGRAM SHOWING AN EEG TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, (http//www.cerebromente.org)Automated event detection is a form of quantitative analysis in which certain signal characteristics are used to classify an EEG change. It is most commonly applied to the detection of electrographic seizures during epilepsy monitoring. Intraoperative EEG monitoring is performed using continuous routine EEG visual inspection alone or in combination with quantitative EEG monitoring. The most common application of intraoperative EEG monitoring is for ca